The Literature Review

Question: ExplainThe literature review of the research. Answer: The literature review of the research is conducted to enable the researcher to understand the concepts, theories as well as current knowledge of QMS-ISO 9000 and Six Sigma. The aim of this literature review is to review published work on ISO 9000 and its implementation to enable the researcher to identify the issues and barriers that the organization is facing with the certification at the organization. ISO 9000 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) ISO is a high esteem and established standard for Quality Management System (QMS) and is applicable across nearly every industry. ISO 9000 standard is initiated in 1987 as a theoretical framework and then developed into process oriented approach, according to which all the activities that affect customer (and not only the product) requirements, should be identified, mapped, understood, controlled ad continuously improved (ISO 2005, 2008). Kafel and Casadesus (2016) opined that ISO 9000 is implemented by over 1 million organizations. It is based on eight QM principles. The principles are discussed as below:Customer focus It helps to increase the revenue as well as market share obtained throughout the fast responses to the market opportunities (Bernardo et al., 2015). ISO 9000 increases the effectiveness at the time of use of resources to enhance the customer satisfaction and improvement over the customer loyalty (De Oliveira, 2013). It provides with best practices requirements for an effective Quality Management System (QMS). Psomas and Pantouvakis (2015) argued that the QMS enables the business to run effectively as well as profitability in the marketplace. Process Approach Goetsch and Davis (2014) outlined that the process approach consists of the system application of processes within the organization. The entire system is a homogeneous system with no part of being in isolation. The small businesses those are adopting the ISO 9000 can build their quality system in order to facilitate the development as well as an expansion of their business (Evans Lindsay, 2014). ISO 9000 is one of three standards of the quality management that is used to build robust QMS (Karthi, et al., 2014).System approach Integration as well as alignment of the processes that help to achieve desired results (Gitlow, Melnyck Levine, 2015). The organizations should sustain success when the business processes are required to manage as one coherent QMS. The key benefits of this approach ar e that it has the ability to focus effort on the key processes (Hejazi Levy, 2012). It provides confidence to the parties to consistency and efficiency of the organization (Hilton Sohal, 2012). Leadership Lakhal (2014) indicated that the leadership relates to inspire people to work to meet with organizational goals. Leadership is based on the philosophy that improves the quality, productivity as well as cost (Kafel Casadesus, 2016). The key benefit of this approach is that it removes mis-communication among the employees and management level. Even the activities are evaluated and implemented in a unified manner (Psomas Pantouvakis, 2015).Continual Improvement IS0 9000 standard is the process for continual improvement to achieve the products of highest quality and achieve greater consumer confidence (De Oliveira, 2013). Gitlow, Melnyck and Levine (2015) stated that it has the flexibility in order to react quickly with the opportunities. The application is that it provides people training in methods as well as tools for making continual improvement (Lakhal, 2014).Involvement of people There are motivated and involved people in the organization. The individuals are participa ted and contributed to continual improvement (Heras-Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2015). The application of this approach leads to identify constraints to performance, evaluate performance against personal goals and accept ownership of problems (Kafel Casadesus, 2016). People have the ability to share knowledge, experience and discuss problems (De Oliveira, 2013). Decision making Simon et al., (2014) stated that effective decisions should be taken based on the logical investigation of data. Rework as well as customer data are important for making a decision. Karthi, et al., (2014) opined that decision-making approach ensures that the data are accurate as well as reliable. It makes data accessible and analyzes it using valid methods (Manville et al., 2014). Supplier Relationships Mutual beneficial relationships among the organizations as well as suppliers enhance the capability of the organization to create an innovative value (Rao, 2016). The application is that this approach makes relationship based on long-term considerations such as identification of key suppliers and sharing of plans (Lakhal, 2014). Evans and Lindsay (2014) stated that it inspires and recognizes the areas of improvement. There are some organizations certified to the ISO management system standards all over the world in the last five years. It has crossed a million of organizations by 2013 (Kyrillos et al., 2015). An ISO 9000 certified organization should have an effective QMS as well as achieves a high level of customer satisfaction, employee motivation, customer complaints, profit and minimal rejections. Gumerov et al., (2015) stated that the organization is failed due to growing too fast, poor execution of the business, failure to change in time, lack of reserve capital as well as failure to track the finances are some of the reasons of failure. For this reason, ISO 9000 standards are used by the organization to improve their productivity as well as profitability. Growing too fast ISO 9001 gives a well-defined processes to identify the pinch points that come in the business (Mohammadi Asgari, 2016).Poor execution The core requirement of ISO 9000 is to meet the expectations of customers (Denton Maatgi, 2016). Regular audit of the internal operations and measurement over the customer satisfaction ensures that focuses on customers are maintained. Failing to change in time It is required to focus on the expectations and requirements of the customers. Therefore the business should focus on changes in the marketplace (Silva, Fonseca Sousa, 2016). QMS assists to ensure the agreed changes that should be carried out in a structured manner. Lack of reserve capital By monitoring the performance process and improvement over efficiency will able to k eep cost to a minimum when overruns in labor and material occurs (Psomas Pantouvakis, 2015). Ineffective marketing Certification to ISO 9001 enables the business to promote success enhancing the marketing (Mohammadi Asgari, 2016).Failing to track the finances Management of the cash is vital for the large and small businesses. It is required to be close the customers as well as deliver their expectations (Cots, Casadesus Marimon, 2016). Then the payment is made on time as well as queries delay payment reduced. Inadequate business plan The planning of business is critical, and therefore it is required to communicate the business plan to the management and employees (Herasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2013). ISO 9000 trains the employees and aware them about their respective roles. Giacomarra et al., (2016) discussed a case study on the automobile industry, Ford Motor that intended to adopt the QMS in their business in the year 1960. At first, Ford Motor adopted Q101. However, in the year 1995, the company changes their standards to ISO 9000 or Fords Q1 award. With th e implementation of ISO 9000, the quality principles, as well as tools, are associated with the TQM organization. The benefits of implementation of this standard in Ford Motors are as follows:Increased marketability: Parra-Lopez et al., (2016) agreed that with the implementation of IS 9000 standard into Ford, it provides their business with heightened credibility with a current satisfaction level of the clients. With the implementation of the new standard in the business, it is proved that Ford Motors is desired to provide quality products to the customers (Nanda, 2016). This benefit increases the customer retention and acquisition so that they can compete with their competitors. Reduce the operational expenses: Due to an adoption of a new standard, it is seen that the process of registration often describes major shortcomings in diverse operational areas. Goetz et al., (2015) argued that reduction in the operational issues results into improving the efficiencies that help Ford to g ain time as well as cost savings. The costs of scrap returns, as well as employee time to analyze the product, are reduced due to initiating the ISO 9000. Better control of management: The process of ISO 9000 requires much documentation as well as self-assessment of the business processes that increases the overall direction as well as processes of the company. Improve the customer satisfaction: ISO 9000 certification is used in Ford Motors to improve the final quality of product to get superior levels of consumer satisfaction. By securing the ISO 9000 certification, Ford Motors can require providing their clients with a chance to give quality in their business dealings (Sallis, 2014). Reduction in product liability risks: Kyrillos et al., (2015) stated that most of the industry experts compete that the companies should get ISO 9000 certification to strike with the product liability lawsuits due to a superiority of the business operations of Ford Motors. As due to an implementation of ISO 9000 standards, the car products are of good quality that satisfies the requirements of the customers.ISO 9000 QMS Implementation Barriers and IssuesThe researcher defined the common barriers that most of the organizations are faced while implementing ISO 9000 certification (Mitra, 2016). It is required that all the organization should understand the barriers before they implement QMS. In order to review the barriers and issues, the researcher categorizes the barriers as follows:Lack of top management involvement and supportGumerov et al., (2015) mentioned that the commitment of the top management is one of the important factors to successfully implement QMS within an organization. The connection between the top management support as well as product quality may not direct. Therefore, an involvement of the top management is required to improve the product quality (Mohammadi Asgari, 2016). The top management is also involved in quality efforts at a phase of implementation as w ell as monitoring. Baroniene and Neverauskas (2015) cited that the commitment of the top management is required for successful QM implementation as leadership behavior of management translates the commitment into actions. It enhances the ability to analyze relevant information of consumer focus, benchmarking as well as supplier QMS. Lack of human resources Vrellas and Tsiotras (2015) stated that the human resource management is the availability of the process of training, a corporation as well as a relationship between the employees as well as managers. Insufficient educations to the employee, low skills of the employee as well as higher turnover of the employee to implement the QMS in the organization are the common barriers in HRM. Psomas (2016) cited that lack of education, as well as training programs, should be an obstacle to implementation of QMS, as these two are required to facilitate continual improvement within an organization. The education, as well as training programs, should be formal. The training program starts to appreciate the organization's quality initiatives as well as useful to understand the globalization as well as competitiveness on work (Furterer, 2016). Most of the Western organizations are failed to implement QMS as they started their training programs without identifying the impact on the quality. Denton an d Maatgi (2016) argued that inconsistent reward system and lack of recognition are the obstacles. Cots, Casadesus and Marimon (2016) outlined that lack of respect and reward are done to achieve quality performance, which is a barrier to effective ISO 9001 implementation. Lack of understanding of the ISO 9001 standards and their requirements Rao (2016) quoted that due to lack of understanding of the QM principles, it results into an obstacle to implementing the standards into the organization. Due to lack of understanding of the ISO 9000 requirements, the organization faces difficulties to implement corrective actions, data control, and internal quality audit as well as document control (De Oliveira, 2013). These consequences have occurred when the management of the organization faces problems in fulfilling the following requirements of ISO 9001 standards as follows:1. Failure into fulfilling the requirements of the quality system (Karthi, et al., 2014). 2. Failure into identifying the quality records as well as procedures to control the documentation (Marques et al., 2013). 3. Failure to ensure the products conformityStatistical tools such as Statistical Process Control (SPC) are a difficult requirement in order to implement ISO 9000 standards. Bernardo et al., (2015) outlined that the reason for failing to implement SP C are a lack of understanding of the techniques to use it, lack of training as well as poor project control. 2.2.4 Organizational culture barriersKafel and Casadesus (2016) opined that the organizational culture is the most vital barriers to implementing the ISO 9000 standards. The organizational culture consists of knowledge, law, belief and customers that are acquired by the employees in the organization. Lakhal (2014) argued that successful implementation of the QMS requires a good organizational culture as well as an integrated process to change in organizational behavior. Rao (2016) outlined that education, training; programs of employee participation and improvement are influencing the culture of the organization over communication, review of procedures as well as policies and modification in the reward system. 2.2.5 High cost of certificationThe high cost of the certification is a major barrier to implementing the ISO 9000 certification as it is generated by consultant and re gistration fee, training as well as time taken to implement the system. A high fee of consultancy in order to facilitate the registration process is a key factor for the high cost of certification. Silva, Fonseca and Sousa (2016) argued that the consultation cost, implementation, as well a third party certification cost is high. The cost of upgrading the entire infrastructure in order to meet the international standards and development cost are the vital barriers to implementing the standards (Giacomarra et al., 2016). Even the lack of financial capability of the organization in order to maintain the QMS cost is one of the issues that affects the implementation process. 2.2.6 Lack of DocumentationDenton and Maatgi (2016) stated that the documentation of the QMS within an organization is affected by its complexity as well as the interaction of processes. The QMS documentation is represented within the quality manual that consists of quality policy as well as objectives. Silva, Fonsec a and Sousa (2016) opined that approximately 80 percent of the failures of the ISO 9000 implementation within the organization are due to improper document as well as data. 2.2.7 Lack of supplier control and cooperationSupplier relationship, involvement, and lack of duration of a relationship are the barriers. Vrellas and Tsiotras (2015) stated that role of too many suppliers in implementation to one organization is a barrier to implementing QMS. Psomas (2016) argued that lacks of cooperation from the suppliers are also a reason for failure in implementation of ISO 9000 standards within the organization. Six Sigma Timans et al., (2016) opined that using the concept of six sigma the organization should eliminate the defects, reduction in production as well as expansion costs, reduction in cycle times as well as inventory levels and enhance in the profit margin with improving the customer satisfaction. Patel, Asodariya and Patel (2016) stated that six sigma provides with an effective mechanism to focus on the requirements of customers through improvement over the process quality. The benefits of the Six Sigma are an increase in revenue as well as a reduction in cost. Gitlow, Melnyck and Levine (2015) stated the role of Six Sigma in various industries such as:Healthcare: The cost of healthcare is high as well as the aging population increases stress on the healthcare sectors. Six Sigma helps to increase the time the care providers are spending with their patients (Arcidiacono, Costantino Yang, 2016). It also reduces the time spent in the paperwork and reduces the time people are spending waiting for care. Technology: On a daily basis, the customers rely on the advanced technology. Six Sigma helps the business to deliver the products with fewer defects and decreases returns. Financial services: Budgets are continued to tighten as well as resources become more limited (De Mast Lokkerbol, 2012). Using the Six Sigma in the service, it shortens the time the new customers take to sign up, reduces the time to give the customer service as well as brings the revenue in faster. The tactics of the Six Sigma consists of five of the phrase such as:Define phase: It consists of identification of the requirements of the customers, process mapping as well as selection of the projects (Gitlow, Melnyck Levine 2015). The process of Six Sigma identifies the key characteristics that are required to identify the customers requirements as well as processes that support with the existing output conditions as well as elements of a process.Measure phase: It consists of identification of critical t o quality and cost parameters, generating data collection plan and statistical process control (Sunder, 2013). In this particular step, the key process characteristics are to be categorized; then the measurement systems are required to verify, and the data are collected.Analyze phase: It consists of data analysis to quantify the critical root causes using the graphical tools, testing of hypothesis, ANOVA, correlation and regression (Hejazi Levy, 2012). After the collection of the data, the data are analyzed using the Six Sigma Model. Using the collected data, the information is produced to identify any issue within the business structure of the organization. Improve phase: It consists of generation as well as a selection of the tools using the design of Six Sigma process. At this particular stage, the project team members identify as well as implement the potential solutions to process the problems (De Mast Lokkerbol, 2012). The results of the processes are changed and measured, a nd particular adjustments are taken into account as per the business as well as customers requirements. Control phase: It consists of developing as well as implementing the control plans, a process of monitoring using SPC and feedback plan (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). This phase is found to be performed at the desired as well as predictable level. This step is also called as the maintenance portion of the methodology of Six Sigma (Psomas, 2016). It is monitored in order to assure that there are not unexpected changes have occurred within the business operations of an organization. Jacobs, Swink and Linderman (2015) discussed a case study on the implementation of Six Sigma in order to decrease the cost of quality. This case study is based on an automobile sector. Within the automobile sector, the success of the organization is based on the needs of the customers. The customers are attached with least amount of manufacturing costs and lead time used to commence the car products into the ma rketplace (Evans Lindsay, 2014). Therefore, Six Sigma is one of the powerful methodologies used by the automobile industry to reduce the quality cost. Due to prevention in defect as well as improved product leads to increase the profitability as well as market share (Fadly Habidin Mohd Yusof, 2013). The following are the fields within the automotive industry where the implementation of the Six Sigma is applicable as follows:1. Improving the safety as well as dependability of the finished vehicles2. Reducing the manufacturing defects at all of the stages3. Using the process of design failure mode effect analysis, prevention of the design failure is done (Basu Wright, 2012). 4. Improvement over the entire incoming material quality5. Optimization of the inventory levels at major parts (Orme et al., 2013). 6. Reduction in order to manufacture the products 7. Reduction in supplier lead-time, the instance taken to carry the goods and servicesUsing the DMAIC methodology, the process imp rovement team of the automotive industry deploys to increase the customer satisfaction as well as ROI by making improvement in the availability of QMS. Manville et al., (2012) discussed the DMAIC methodology for the automotive industry. Desai et al., (2012) opined that firstly in the define phase the service representatives are affected by the unavailability of the business operations as well as downtime. They communicate with the field personnel on the issues that the organization faces. Hilton and Sohal (2012) defined that the problem areas are identified as the slowness of the system as well as poor system availability and length of the total time taken to report the issues. Secondly, in the measured phase, process mapping is used to characterize the current process of the automotive industry (Swink Jacobs, 2012). After analyzing the defects in the business process, the third phase is analyzed. The data those are gathered from using the process mapping method is analyzed to iden tify the problems. Fourthly, improve phase is used to make development in the areas those are identified by the process management team to improve over (Arumugam et al., 2013). Lastly, in the control phase, the resolution time of defects are monitored. 2.4 Six Sigma Implementation Barriers and IssuesThe approach of Six Sigma is associated with the large companies. Lack of education, as well as knowledge on the implementation of Six Sigma, is the misconceptions about the Six Sigma that has made the small and medium sized companies become complex about the applicability of the Six Sigma (Psychogios et al., 2012). The barriers to the implementation of the Six Sigma are as follows:2.4.1 Lack of resourcesThe project on the Six Sigma consumes some of the resources such as financial and human resources. Mahato et al., (2016) stated that in order to implement Six Sigma, the organizations are required trained workforce to run the projects. The project leader of Six Sigma is called as Black B elt (BB) who works for the full time on the projects. The team associates of the project are known as Green Belts (GB) who works part of their time on the plans.2.4.2 Internal resistanceChange within the organization will meet with a certain amount of resistance. Within the small and medium size organization, the employees are getting familiar with the process they are using for a long time. Rosemann and vom Brocke (2015) opined that the resistance to change is to be anticipated by the Six Sigma teams. The resistance to change is being criticized by new applications as well as tools those are implemented for Six Sigma (Orme et al., 2013). One of the major sources of resistance is that the implementation of six sigma leads to a decrease in the workforce.2.4.3 Lack of knowledge on the six sigma Desai et al., (2012) argued in the statement that the Six Sigma is not a quality improvement initiative, but it is an initiative of business improvement. In order to implement the Six Sigma, th e business needs a lot of high skilled expertise to run the projects effectively. Mahato et al., (2016) stated that the adoptions of the Six Sigma are required expertise that has proper knowledge at various levels of the organization. 2.4.4 False notion that makes Six Sigma too complex to useMost of the people think that Sis Sigma involves too complex mathematical as well as statistical data. The reality is that it consists of mathematics, but it is simple. The statistical calculations are involved with the implementation process is simple to understand as well as computer software packages such as Mini-tab have eased application of the statistics related to Six Sigma (Manville et al., 2012). 2.4.5 Lacunae in collection of dataThe services of the company those are failed to meet the internal and external requirements of the customers are solved by data collection method based on quality and quantity. A collection of too much or little data is considered as a detrimental to the devel opment of the process. Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof (2013) opined that measure phase of DMAIC is used to obtain the information about the business process. Hejazi and Levy (2012) argued that analyze phase is used to gather the data using statistical tests. 2.5 Linking ISO QMS with Six Sigma-Proposed ModelThe booming implementation of the Six Sigma is based on the effectiveness of the company to articulate its existing management system. According to Patel, Asodariya and Patel (2016), the integration of the Six Sigma with the ISO QMS is considered as one of the rising research trends on the Six Sigma. There are some rational linkages between Six Sigma as well as ISO 9000 as well as results into advantages from their integration. Undertaking the initiative of Six Sigma helps the organization to optimize the efficiency of the business processes (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). It is undertaken to make progress to achieve an ISO 9000 certification. On the other hand, the ISO 9000 standards are t he method for deployment of Six Sigma. The following points are discussed to show the linkages between Six Sigma as well as ISO 9000:Both ISO and Six Sigma focus on improvement activities: Six Sigma DMAIC in inspired towards the continual improvement cycle, therefore it is used to fulfill the standards requirements (Sunder, 2013). On the other hand, the eight principles of ISO are used to create opportunities for improvement. Both the approaches required systematic continual improvement process. Timans et al., (2016) developed operational level analysis in order to ease the implementation of the DMAIC phases as a part of the ISO 9000 QMS. ISO 9000 requirements identify the potential of Six Sigma projects: De Mast and Lokkerbol (2012) stated that QMS audits are used as a source of information in order to make out the possible improvement areas. Hejazi and Levy (2012) referred that the projects of Six Sigma are identified by analyzing the requirements of customers as well as satisfact ion measures determined in the ISO standards. ISO 9000 internal audits are performed in parallel with the Six Sigma: ISO 9000 QMS helps the business to maintain the benefits of the Six Sigma projects (Timans et al., 2016). The inner audit programs are expanded to comprise the administrative features of the initiative of Six Sigma and control phase. Table 2.3: Comparison of the ISO 9000 QMS and Six SigmaParameter ISO 9000 Six SigmaPurpose It provides an equitable basis to assess the efficiency of the organization to meet customers requirements (Nanda, 2016). It achieves sustainable growth of business to improve the innovation process, services, and products to give value to customersScope Requirements of QMS Setting of strategies and methodologies to improve the performance of business (Timans et al., 2016). Framework Improvement thinking Achieving improvement and then link it to profitabilityIntent It is used for certification and evaluation purposes (Silva, Fonseca Sousa, 2016). I t is optimized the performance as well as maximizes the profitability (Patel, Asodariya Patel, 2016). Method of improvement PDCA model DMAIC roadmapResponsibilities Process owner, Management Representative Sponsor, Owner of the process, Master Black Belt, Black and Green BeltFinancial Benefits Benefits of the implementation are reported, and it gives financial benefits The companies have reported as well as the quantified large amount of savings (De Mast Lokkerbol, 2012). Documentation Documentation is specified Documentation is not specifiedEducation Training, skills, experience of job Qualification requirements of belt infrastructureLimitations There are no such direct requirements concerns on profitability and strategy (Cots, Casadesus Marimon, 2016). Required data are available and some statistical assumptions are made, lack of theoretical justificationThe impacts of the six sigma tools are related to the relevant ISO 9001 requirements such as: 2.5.1 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO "Resource Management" Denton and Maatgi (2016) stated that the Six Sigma can be defined as a processes that are based on the statistics and help the organization to improve the different operations and processes that are running in the organization. The Six Sigma processes are used by the organizations to identify and eliminate the different reasons that cause the variations from the desired results from the different processes (Lakhal, 2014). On the other hand the ISO is a standard that is used to manage and clearly define the different processes, procedures, and resources that are important for the organization to get the control over the overall quality management efforts. More over the ISO helps the organizations to have the minimum acceptable procedures, systems and operations that are used to meet the quality and the standards of the products or services. Giacomarra et al., (2016) opined that in case of Six Sigma, it is important for the organization that it has the ri ght people at the right places in the black belt role like the trainer in the organization. These black belts are the face of the Six Sigma. These black belts are helpful in shaping the impression for the Six Sigma for the organization (Herasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2013). For this the leader of human resource in the organization has to build competency model that ensures the identification of the suitable candidates with the proper technical, team and leadership skills. De Oliveira (2013) stated that at the same time they need to develop some retention plans that are going to attract the employees so that they can perform better and achieve the quality of the product or the service.For the resource management the Six Sigma tools are used to meet the requirements of the ISO standards. Barafort, Mesquida Mas (2016) opined that to meet the ISO standards it is important to assess the processes and the operations in the organizations. Therefore for this the Six Sigma is us ed. According to the ISO standard the conformity of the product requirement or the services depends on the appropriate education, training, experience, skill of the employees or the human resources (Silva, Fonseca Sousa, 2016). For this the organization should the organization should determine the competence of the personnels or employees who are affecting the conformity of the products. Kyrillos et al., (2015) stated that whenever necessary the organization should provide training to the employees or take action against the employees to achieve the desired competency. The organization also has to ensure that the employees are aware about the importance of their activity and their contribution to achieve the desired quality. At last the organization has to record the education, training, and skills that are provided or is acquired by the employees of the organization (Baroniene Neverauskas, 2015). The integration helps the organization to focus on the important processes, better u tilization of the human resources that helps in the increased accountability of them. Also it helps in the customer satisfaction and to enhance the confidence of the organization.2.5.2 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO Management ResponsibilityIn the integration process of the ISO and the Six Sigma, the quality management and the project review can be involved at the same time while executing an operation or process (Denton Maatgi, 2016). For the Six Sigma the project review is a stage at which the simple checks are done like whether the project is maintaining the timeline, the use of appropriate tools, and so on. The team leader in the project has the responsibility of the reviewing the processes or milestones. Giacomarra et al., (2016) discussed that he main participants in these steps are the six sigma green belts, black belts, champions, master black belts and other team members who are involved in those meetings. This project review starts with the introduction of the project by the champion. Subsequently other members contribute to this review meeting with their point of view (Timans et al., 2016). The review process of a project helps the team members to stay focused aware of the progress or milestones are achieved. If the project team is facing any barriers or problems then the team members can communicate with the champions to get the idea of the best practices on the relate subject or matter. The management team is focused on the customers requirements as well as their needs. The responsibilities of the management team are categorized as follows: Management Commitment: De Mast Lokkerbol (2012) stated that the management team should support their team members in the implementation of the ISO and Six Sigma in their business operations. This focus relates to the engaging as well as directing the employees to achieve the organizational goals. Sunder (2013) argued that participation of people in to the business process are required to achieve success and make profitability in the business. It focuses to state that the organization is nothing and the abilities of the employees should be utilized to get the business success for the organization (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). This helps the employees to work to their maximum ability and to contribute ideas.Customer focus- This standard identifies with client needs and services: a business ought to comprehend their clients and look to meet their requirements (Patel, Asodariya Patel, 2016). Where possible, they ought to mean to surpass client requirements. The benefit of this focus is the loyal customer base for the organizations product or services.Quality policy: ISO 9000 quality policy document consists of quality goals as well as objectives that the organization requires to implement within the organization. Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof (2013) stated that it is a commitment that is used to provide an outline to create and measure the performance of the quality objectives. The quality polic y is created as per the requirements of the customers to make improvements in the quality of their services as well as products. Leadership- This focus relates to the engaging as well as directing the employees to achieve the organizational goals (Evans Lindsay, 2014). Responsibility, authority and communication: Through this the main objectives are to understand that, if the appropriate processes are used then they will speed up the activities. Manville et al., (2012) discussed that through this the main objective is to embrace different opportunities and improved performance of the organization in difficult situations. This focuses on the managing multiple tasks as a system, so that a higher degree of efficiency can be achieved. Desai et al., (2012) opined that proper communication is required among the top management members as well as other project team so that they can implement the ISO 9000 in their business. Management review: This focuses on the decision making process depe nding upon the data and its analysis. The decision making also have to include the good business sense (Swink Jacobs, 2012). This principle relates to the relation between the relation between the organization and its suppliers. It acknowledges that they are interdependent. The productivity and the efficiency of the organization increases as the relation between them get stronger. 2.5.3 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO "Product Realization" Lakhal (2014) stated that ISO product realization is used within the organization to describe work that the organization develops manufactures as well as delivers the finished services. QMS includes the approach to get from the product concept to the finished product. Most of the organizations are losing their millions of dollars while launching the product in the market. Simon et al., (2014) argued that at the time of launching of the product, the issues those are raised are quality as well as cost issues. Due to failure while launching of the product, it results in dissatisfaction of the customers as well as lost of revenue. Low cost, high qualities of products as well as quick delivery are the expectations of the customers (Rao, 2016). The organization provides product realization planning tools that achieve predictable success in the launching of the product. The business is required to integrate training services in order to support the deployment of the processes in a product as well as process design. Denton and Maatgi (2016) stated that in order to attain the business objectives, the majority of the organizations analyze their current product design processes using the DMAIC methodology of Six Sigma. It is analyzed to determine the lead-time of product design. Silva, Fonseca and Sousa (2016) opined that the concept of Six Sigma and ISO results into major reductions in the cost of design that increases the design throughput as well as engineering productivity. The product manager examines the approach of Six Sigma a nd ISO to set the business objectives of new product launch (Giacomarra et al., 2016). The DMAIC methodology of Six Sigma is incorporated into the product realization in order to improve the planning process. ISO 9000 requires an organization to develop the product realization processes. At the time of performing, the planning of product realization the organization should determine the quality of the product (Kyrillos et al., 2015). The quality records are required to provide evidence that the business fulfills the requirements of the product realization process as well as quality results. 2.5.4 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO "Measurement, Analysis and Improvement" ISO 9000 measurement, analysis, and improvement become a challenge for most of the organizations (Arcidiacono, Costantino Yang, 2016). The organization should require reviewing the management, do internal audits as well as take preventive actions to evaluate the quality of the systems. Hejazi Levy (2012) opined that the Six Sigma assists ISO as Six Sigma is a quality improvement process to reduce the defects within the system as 3.4 per million. The following are the areas that should be measured, analyzed and improved within the organization to reduce the cost and given high quality products to the customers:2.5.4.1 Customer SatisfactionJacobs, Swink and Linderman (2015) stated that the business should monitor the information on the satisfaction level of the customers as one of the performance measurements of QMS. It is required to ensure that the organization has system to address the complaints of the customers as well as feedback (Gitlow, Melnyck Levine 2015). The product manufacturing operations have created the level of satisfaction that collects end-user satisfaction data as well as analyze to provide preventive actions for future product improvements. 2.5.4.3 Analysis of DataThe organization should collect as well as analyze the data in order to establish the appropriateness of the sys tem and its effectiveness to improve. Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof (2013) discussed that the activities of measuring as well as monitoring are the sources of data. The analysis of the data provides information about the satisfaction and dissatisfaction level of customers, product characteristics, trends, process as well as suppliers. 2.5.4.4 ImprovementThe organizations are facilitating the continual improvement throughout the use of the quality policy, results of audits and analysis and management review (Hilton Sohal, 2012). These procedures are used to plan the processes required for continual improvement. 2.6 Acceptation of ISO 9000 standard and Six SigmaTimans et al., (2016) opined that selection of the best approach for the business process improvement is dependent on the culture of the organization. When the organization values the analytical studies, then Six Sigma is the best approach to be followed by the organization and it is the best program to lead off with. As the le vel of quality assurance of the products as well as services are the main attribute to enhance the competitiveness of the organization. Gitlow, Melnyck and Levine (2015) argued that the implementation of the Six Sigma projects are considered at various levels of QMS that allows expressing the view that this particular methodology is accurate to be implemented within the organization.Acceptance of the ISO 9000 standards is due the reason that it presents guidelines to increase the efficiency of the business as well as the satisfaction of the customers. Barafort, Mesquida and Mas (2016) stated that the main objective of this ISO 9000 standard is to increase the productivity of the organization, reduction of cost as well as ensuring the quality of both products as well as processes. Cots, Casadesus and Marimon (2016) opined that this particular standard is important as for any organization, quality is most important. With using this standard, the organization can be able to identify th e cause of the problems and then give the respective solutions (Psomas Pantouvakis, 2015). By improving the efficiency of the organization, the profit of the business is maximized. References Arcidiacono, G., Costantino, N., Yang, K. (2016). The AMSE Lean Six Sigma governance model. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 7(3).Arumugam, V., Antony, J., Kumar, M. (2013). Linking learning and knowledge creation to project success in Six Sigma projects: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 141(1), 388-402.Barafort, B., Mesquida, A. L., Mas, A. (2016, June). How to Integrate Risk Management in IT Settings Within Management Systems? Comparison and Integration Perspectives from ISO Standards. In International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (pp. 254-269). Springer International Publishing.BaronienÄ—, L., Neverauskas, B. (2015). The role of quality management in the process of innovation development. Engineering Economics, 43(3), 22-28.Basu, R., Wright, J. N. (Eds.). (2012). Quality beyond six sigma. Routledge.Bernardo, M., Simon, A., Tar, J. J., Molina-Azorn, J. F. (2015). Benefits o f management systems integration: a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 94, 260-267.Cots, S., Casadess, M., Marimon, F. (2016). Benefits of ISO 20000 IT service management certification. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 14(1), 1-18.De Mast, J., Lokkerbol, J. (2012). An analysis of the Six Sigma DMAIC method from the perspective of problem solving. International Journal of Production Economics, 139(2), 604-614.De Oliveira, O. J. (2013). Guidelines for the integration of certifiable management systems in industrial companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 57, 124-133.Denton, P. D., Maatgi, M. K. (2016). The development of a work environment framework for ISO 9000 standard success. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 33(2), 231-245.Desai, D. A., Antony, J., Patel, M. B. (2012). An assessment of the critical success factors for Six Sigma implementation in Indian industries.International Journal of productivity and performance manage ment, 61(4), 426-444.Evans, J. R., Lindsay, W. M. (2014). An introduction to Six Sigma and process improvement. Cengage Learning.Fadly Habidin, N., Mohd Yusof, S. R. (2013). Critical success factors of Lean Six Sigma for the Malaysian automotive industry. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 4(1), 60-82.Furterer, S. L. (Ed.). (2016). Lean Six Sigma in service: applications and case studies. CRC Press.Giacomarra, M., Galati, A., Crescimanno, M., Tinervia, S. (2016). The integration of quality and safety concerns in the wine industry: the role of third-party voluntary certifications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 267-274.Gitlow, H. S., Melnyck, R. J., Levine, D. M. (2015). A Guide to Six Sigma and Process Improvement for Practitioners and Students: Foundations, DMAIC, Tools, Cases, and Certification. FT Press.Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson.Goetz, K., Hess, S., Jossen, M., Huber, F., Rosemann, T., Brodowski, M., ... Szecsenyi, J. (2015). Does a quality management system improve quality in primary care practices in Switzerland? A longitudinal study. BMJ open, 5(4), e007443.Gumerov, A. V., Kharisova, R. R., Pavlova, A. V., Litvin, I. Y., Nabiullina, K. R., Schepkina, N. K., Sabirov, I. T. (2015). Improving strategic management of the business entities. Review of European Studies, 7(1), 23.Hejazi, S., Levy, Y. (2012). The Role of Responsibility Factors of Reducing Inefficiencies in IS Projects on Six Sigma Certification in Service Organizations. International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector (IJISSS), 4(3), 1-28.Herasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Saizarbitoria, I., Boiral, O. (2013). ISO 9001 and ISO 14001: towards a research agenda on management system standards. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), 47-65.Heras-Saizarbitoria, I., Boiral, O. (2015). Symbolic adoption of ISO 9000 in small and medium-sized enterprises: The role of internal contingencies.Internationa l Small Business Journal, 33(3), 299-320.Hilton, R. J., Sohal, A. (2012). A conceptual model for the successful deployment of Lean Six Sigma. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 29(1), 54-70.Jacobs, B. W., Swink, M., Linderman, K. (2015). Performance effects of early and late Six Sigma adoptions. Journal of Operations Management, 36, 244-257.Kafel, P., Casadesus, M. (2016). The order and level of management standards implementation: Changes during the time. The TQM Journal,28(4), 636-647.Karthi, S., Devadasan, S., Selvaraju, K., Sreenivasa, C. G., Sivaram, N. M. (2014). Transforming into a Lean Six Sigma Enterprise Through ISO 9001 Standard-Based Quality Management System. Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 4(2), 100-122.Kyrillos, S. L., Milreu, F. J., Sacomano, J. B., Souza, J. B., do Nascimento, R. J. (2015). Corporate Sustainability: A case study from the implementation of quality management system for certification by inmetro in the metal work indus try. Independent Journal of Management Production, 6(3), 837.Lakhal, L. (2014). The relationship between ISO 9000 certification, TQM practices, and organizational performance. The Quality Management Journal,21(3), 38.Mahato, S., Dixit, A. R., Agrawal, R. (2016, March). Process excellence in IT sector in an emerging economic scenario. In 2016 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology (RAIT) (pp. 636-640). IEEE.Manville, G., Greatbanks, R., Krishnasamy, R., Parker, D. W. (2012). Critical success factors for Lean Six Sigma programmes: a view from middle management. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,29(1), 7-20.Marques, P., Requeijo, J., Saraiva, P., Frazao-Guerreiro, F. (2013). Integrating Six Sigma with ISO 9001. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 4(1), 36-59.Mitra, A. (2016). Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons.Mohammadi, F., Asgari, F. (2016). Implementing the Modern Management Systems in TQM Companies and the Surveillance Companies Performance.European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 4(1 (s)), pp-1819.Nanda, V. (2016). Quality management system handbook for product development companies. CRC Press.Orme, R., Clegg, B., Rees, C., Titchen, M. (2013). A systems approach to customizing lean six sigma implementations. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Production Operations, Management Society.Parra-Lopez, C., Hinojosa-Rodriguez, A., Carmona-Torres, C., Sayadi, S. (2016). ISO 9001 implementation and associated manufacturing and marketing practices in the olive oil industry in southern Spain. Food Control,62, 23-31.Patel, D., Asodariya, S., Patel, H. (2016). A Six Sigma approach for precision machining in milling.Psomas, E. (2016). The underlying factorial structure and significance of the Six Sigma difficulties and critical success factors: The Greek case. The TQM Journal, 28(4), 530-546.Psomas, E., Pantouvakis, A. (2015) . ISO 9001 overall performance dimensions: an exploratory study. The TQM Journal, 27(5), 519-531.Psychogios, A. G., Atanasovski, J., Tsironis, L. K. (2012). Lean Six Sigma in a service context: a multi-factor application approach in the telecommunications industry. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 29(1), 122-139.Pyzdek, T., Keller, P. A. (2014). The six sigma handbook (p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education.Rao, K. P. (2016). What Six Sigma Can Learn from the Systems: ISO 9000.The International Journal of Business Management, 4(1), 251.Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.Sallis, E. (2014). Total quality management in education. Routledge.Silva, M. M., Fonseca, L. M., Sousa, S. D. (2016). The Impact of ISO 9001: 2015 on ISO 22000 and Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS).Calitatea, 17(152), 81.Simon, A., Honore Petnji Yaya, L., Karapetrovic, S., Casadesus, M. (2014). Can integration difficulties affect innovation and satisfaction?.Industrial Management Data Systems, 114(2), 183-202.Sunder, V. (2013). Six Sigma-A Strategy for Increasing Employee Engagement. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 36(2), 34.Swink, M., Jacobs, B. W. (2012). Six Sigma adoption: Operating performance impacts and contextual drivers of success. Journal of Operations Management, 30(6), 437-453.Timans, W., Ahaus, K., van Solingen, R., Kumar, M., Antony, J. (2016). Implementation of continuous improvement based on Lean Six Sigma in small-and medium-sized enterprises. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 27(3-4), 309-324.Vrellas, C. G., Tsiotras, G. (2015). Quality management in the global brewing industry. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,32(1), 42-52.

English Vowel Reduction by Korean Learners free essay sample

English unstressed reduced vowels, such as schwa [? ] and barred-i [? ], have phonetic features that are distinct from other vowels. Phonetic features of those vowels are reduced in duration and vowel quality (F1 and F2). Schwa [? ] occurs in a word-final position like Rosa as a mid central reduced vowel and barred-i [? ] occurs in a non-final position like roses as a high central reduced vowel (Flemming Johnson 2007). In contrast to English, there is no stress in Korean phonological system and thus stress-related vowel reduction phenomenon does not arise in Korean. Moreover, /? / and /? that are similar to English unstressed vowels ([? ], [? ]) exist as full vowels in Korean. This different prosodic system provides Korean learners of English with difficulty to accurately produce English unstressed vowels (McAllister, Fledge, Piske 2002). The aim of this paper is three fold. The first is to see whether English unstressed reduced vowels spoken by Korean speakers are different from those spoken by native speakers in terms of schwa [? ]. We will write a custom essay sample on English Vowel Reduction by Korean Learners or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second is to see whether English unstressed reduced vowels spoken by Korean speakers are different from those spoken by native speakers in terms of barred-i [? . The third is to investigate the gap of the mean duration between stressed and unstressed vowels produced by native and Korean speakers. For the analysis, four native speakers of American English and twelve native speakers of Korean participated in this experiment. The number of data is 57 and all subjects read data with three repetitions in a carrier phrase. This experiment yielded 2736 observations (16 subjects * 57 words * 3 repetitions). The results showed that Korean speakers were not nativelike in English vowel reduction. As for schwa, native speakers produced unstressed reduced vowels in a word-final position in mid central reduced way, while unstressed vowels in this position spoken by Korean learners of English speakers were widely dispersed in vowel space and not reduced in nativelike way. As for barred-i, native speakers produced unstressed vowels in a non-final position in high central reduced way. However, unstressed vowels produced by Korean learners of English were not reduced in nativelike way, with small dispersion. This is because Korean speakers tended to produce unstressed vowels, spelled e, similarly with high front vowel /i/. Even unstressed vowels, spelled a, realized nearly as low back vowel /? / for Korean beginners of English. Korean learners also made less difference in duration between stressed and unstressed vowels than native speakers, suggesting that Korean learners had longer duration for reduced vowels than native speakers. These results supported the evidence that Korean learners of English have difficulty in acquiring phonetic features of English vowel reduction, basically ascribable to stress.

Sample Essay Reflective Journal

Sample Essay Reflective JournalTo be effective in the discussion for the student in making a sample essay reflective journal, it is not necessary to have a perfect English speaking composition. There are various techniques, tips and steps to be followed in order to make a reflective journal article.The first key task is to determine the source of information for composing an essay. The second tip is to write the essay using different sources.You can conduct research by searching for a journal of a friend or relative. Through this source, you will get a good idea about the topic, contents and style of writing. It would be better if you take help from this journal and make a reflective journal paper.If you cannot find any online journal to do your research, you can go for some newspapers. They contain an important part of the understanding the topic in your own way. In addition, you can also refer to books from newspapers and magazines. But before taking any part of these three sources , make sure that you have checked all the terms and conditions of those sources to avoid any confusion.You can also check the study guides of the magazines. You can ask your teacher to give you a copy of the topic of the essay. You can then use that to make your paper.At this point, you have decided on a topic and you are ready to make a sample essay reflective journal. You need to research the topic and make your own article to avoid duplication of work.In order to make a short essay, you can include brief descriptions of the main topic of the topic and also related topics. You can go for a variety of language to make your article more readable. In fact, it would be better if you use the English language.After gathering the important topics, list down the major topics and then give separate sentences to each section. This will make your writing an effective one.

Moral Messages from a Thousand Splendid Suns Essay Example

Moral Messages from a Thousand Splendid Suns Paper Imagine growing up in a world devoid of innocence, spending your young life navigating the complex repressive forces that have trapped you in poverty, fear and confusion. Now ratchet that sensation of despairing entrapment up 10 notches and you have taken your first step into the world of A Thousand Splendid Suns. The moral message from this book shows â€Å"We should be grateful for what we have, by never taking the people that bring happiness and fulfilment in our lives for granted. A thousand splendid suns is a satisfying story written by Khaled Hosseni, it gives a little more insight and more personal sense of what has happened in Afghanistan in the last thirty years and this is exactly the effect his novel has had on me. The story follows Mariam and Laila, two young women struggling to survive in Afghanistan as they negotiate the mine-littered road of sexual hierarchy, nonstop war and overwhelming guilt. Constantly intersecting the characters in third person and personal narratives, showing the hardships of their marriage to the same man, Rasheed, your typical cruel husband who beats and reduces the freedom of his wives. As Hosseni is writing about a culture where women are denied education, the right to work, the right to move freely, accesses to adequate healthcare, the situations these characters are placed it highlights the injustice faced by Islamic women. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Messages from a Thousand Splendid Suns specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Messages from a Thousand Splendid Suns specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Messages from a Thousand Splendid Suns specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The patriarchal nature of the Islamic culture is obvious in the higher value clearly given to men in Laila’s family. Laila’s mother is all consumed with love for her sons, but cannot give the same attention to her daughter. This is illustrated through the truncated sentences when mammy grieves over her son Noor â€Å"it was something to see, And Noor. Oh Noor. My poor Noor. † The audience is reading from a third person’s perspective which is shown through the repetition â€Å"they† which creates distance with the audience and empathises with Laila. Hosseni’s intended purpose was to show â€Å"a story that transports, characters who engage, and a sense of illumination, of having been transformed somehow by the experiences of the characters and to walk away with a sense of empathy for Afghans†. Throughout Mariam life she’s constantly betrayed by the men in her society, however when Laila joins the family she forms a close friendship which leads to Mariam sacrificing herself to save Laila â€Å"Mariam is in Laila’s own heart, where she shines with the bursting radiance of a thousand splendid suns†. The story title â€Å"a thousand splendid suns† is symbolic of Mariam, which captures her morals of looking out for her family. Despite the times she had been betrayed by her father yet she still loves Laila even though they aren’t related, which shows how Mariam drew strength from her friendship with Laila. Hosseni deliberately created two strong central characters to allow the audience to empathise and make personal responses. Hosseni quoted â€Å"I realized that telling the story of these two women without telling, in part, the story of Afghanistan from the 1970s to the post-9/11 era simply was not possible. The intimate and personal was intertwined inextricably with the broad and historical. And so the turmoil in Afghanistan and the country’s tortured recent past slowly became more than mere backdrop. † Looking from a 16 year olds perspective from the 21st century, it has made me realize how lucky I am to be surrounded by the people I love, with encouraging parents and friends. Whilst reading this book it has made me aware with what I have, and not taking the simplest of things for granted.

Essay Examples on Causes of the Great Depression Essay Example

Essay Examples on Causes of the Great Depression Paper 1st Essay Sample on Causes of the Great Depression There are many causes that led to the Great Depression. The global and American economy were in turmoil six months prior to black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the stock market crash in 1929 is what had aggravated the Great Depression which set the rest of the causes to lead to The Great Depression. Such as devious banking and credit, overproduction, uneven distribution of wealth, and the dust bowls. September 3, 1929, the Dow Jones financial system was at height of 381 points, October 29,1929, it had fallen to 41 points after a week of panic sellings. Black Tuesday hit Wall Street while investors traded 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in one select day. Billions of dollars were gone within a single day, wiping out thousands of investors. Americans and the rest of the industrialized world decreased rapidly into the Great Depression (1929-1939), the most dramatic long-lasted economic down roar in the history of Western industrialized world. The U.S. stock market underwent fast development, reaching the climax August of 1929, after a period of speculation. By then unemployment had already risen and production was decreased, leaving stocks in excess of their real value. After black Tuesday stock prices had nowhere to go but up, so there was recovery during succeeding weeks. However, prices still dropped as the U.S. fell into the Great Depression. By 1932 stocks wer e only worth about 20% of their value in summer 1929. The stock market crash wasn’t the sole cause of the depression, but did open up the global economic collapse. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Causes of the Great Depression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Causes of the Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Causes of the Great Depression specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Causes of the Great Depression Causes of the Great Depression Causes of the Great Depression Devious banking was another successful cause for the Great Depression. The real estate and banks that had invested a lot in the stock market had lost their depositors money. People panicked as they lined up at the banks to get their money, for many, only to find out their money wasn’t there. Deflation hit as the amount of money in circulation dropped. 2nd Essay Sample on Causes of the Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic slump ever in U.S. history, and one that spread to virtually the entire industrialized world. The depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. Many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; however, the main cause for the Great Depression was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920’s. Another reasons for the stock market crash was caused Farmers continued to produce more and more food due to technological advances likes the tractor. As production grew farm prices dropped. It was simply a matter of supply and demand. Also a big drought turned that portion of America into what was called â€Å"The Dustbowl.† The theory was that an indicator of money and easy credit stimulated the economy. In 1927, the Federal Reserve Board further inflated the currency by creating several more billion dollars. People went into debt, and the prices of real estate and stocks skyrocketed. The policies pursued by Coolidge made the later stock market crash inevitable and depression inescapable. Also, there was an uneven trade going on between the U.S. and the rest of the world. There were more exports than there were imports. This meant that the U.S. was loosing money and goods other than receiving.

How to Write a Research Essay in Health Care #038; Demonstrate a Clear Academic Understanding of the Subject

How to Write a Research Essay in Health Care #038; Demonstrate a Clear Academic Understanding of the Subject The health care field is an extremely dynamic and complex area, and the healthcare parameters that are constantly changing make it too hard to write a winning research essay. By the time you are done with the essay in health care, some new unexpected study has already emerged and somehow changed everything in the subject you thought you were sure about. But the great news is that there is hope! While the literature in health care area may be in flux all the time, there are some recommendations that can help you create a powerful research essay on any health care topic within a minimum hassle and worries. Even though research essay writing in health care area may seem like a task that is impossible to cope with, it’s important that you’re able to show a strong understanding of academic healthcare theory and practice in writing. Let’s take a look at the advice below on how to go about a strong health care research essay. How to Choose a Health Research Essay Topic? Of course, if you were provided with a clear task to write text in a certain topic you won’t have to spend countless days trying to search for something crucial and interesting to research. You don’t need to decide on which health phenomenon or problem is more important today or what needs to be discussed at least in your project. If that’s the case, you have an opportunity to relax, and do research on the web or in a local library, and then have a rest. However, if you find yourself in the situation that is absolutely contrary, you will have to hunt for research essay ideas and browse through loads of essays’ samples. It is important to bring together all of your forces, turn on your inspiration, and start looking for the best ideas for writing. What do you think, what are the most popular health care topics at the moment? What is it that you see on TV or hear on the radio? Maybe you have already seen some interesting issues on the web sites like Healthcare Global or KidsHealth and have something in your mind. Whatever it is, the following recommendations will help you to focus on a particular thought or maybe change your mind completely. Now, let’s take a look at some of the research essay topics in the field of health care one by one. 1. Anorexia and Overweight When you write about health care, it’s impossible to forget about such devastating thing as overweight and anorexia. These are two highly debatable topics nowadays that have a lot to talk about: How to Manage Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa; Key Variables in the Development of Eating Disorders During the Adolescence; The Thinness Cult in the US Culture Today; The Feminism Effect on the Phenomenon of Anorexia; New Findings on Neuropsychology of Bulimia Nervosa. 2. Insomnia Today, insomnia is a burning issue since a lot of people suffer from it. The following research essay topics will cover various aspects that are related to insomnia somehow: Sleeping Pills: Harm, Placebo or Treatment? Effects of Speed Life Style on Healthy Sleep; Insomnia: The Key Causes and Effects; Insomnia and Circadian Rhythm Disorder; Alternative Insomnia Treatments. 3. Euthanasia The question of euthanasia has been always a hot topic all over the globe. While some countries find nothing wrong in this kind of merciful deal, the rest of the world is against it. If you have your research essay in health care due soon, consider working on this topic and develop it the best way possible: Euthanasia Its Moral Issues; Euthanasia: The Attitude to â€Å"Merciful Death† in Different Countries; Do People Have a Natural Right to Die? Can Death Be a Relief for a Human Being? Legalization of Euthanasia in the Third World Countries. Research for Health Care Research Essays Research essays that usually deserve the highest marks include information taken from trusted research articles, books and journals. This ensures that the topic of yours is deeply researched and supported by the reliable materials. This is especially important to the writers who work on the topics that have been previously discussed on various internet sources and published resources. Furthermore, disseminating research findings from scientific articles is highly crucial if you want to demonstrate strong understanding in your project. Search for additional information in the field of health care on electronic databases such as Medline and Pubmed. Structural Specifications for Research Essays in Health Care Although every other research essay will be different throughout your college education experience, successful essays will follow the same structure requirements all the time. Writing a successful research essay in health care depends on understanding the basic structure rules. The essay should start with an introduction that summarizes the way you plan to discuss the question and what course exactly your arguments are going to follow. The research essay on â€Å"Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents† will include the introduction that might sound, â€Å"This paper reviews child and adolescent mental disorders and associated long-term health risks. The first section argues that there is much overlap between the symptoms of metals disorders and the challenging emotions and behaviors of normal kids. Limitations of the possible measures are presented. The second section sums up the evidence on the relationship between adolescent (child) and adult adiposity†. Following on from this the body of the research essay will be presented according to the plan you set up in the introduction so that your arguments flow naturally from one to the next. Right after the presentation of your body, the concluding parts of the research essay in health care will summarize what you have said in your essay, and will include the message that you would like the readers to take away from your research. However, you have to make sure that the conclusions that you write don’t go far beyond the research you have done in your paper. Refine Your Arguments Once you have completed your first draft, you now have an opportunity to refine each argument, fact, idea, data or result in order to ensure they all address the essay research question. Besides, this stage is needed to see if the argument flows in a coherent manner. Among the useful methods that are popular among college students, you may choose the following: Leaving two or three days between accomplishing the first draft and writing the second draft; Reading the research essay out loud in order to ensure the paragraphs fit together; Comparing your research question to the arguments in your text to ensure you have achieved a logical progression. Stay away from Common Pitfalls When college professors are asked to mention some of the most common errors that students make in their research essays in health care, they usually mention the same weaknesses. To create a wonderful research essay in this area, the author should do his or her best to stay away from the following: Writing not in an academic but a journalistic style; Not appreciating theoretical controversies; Failing to answer the research question; Providing unsubstantiated claims; Lacking critical evaluation and analysis. Consult a Health Expert Writing a research essay in health care differs from the other types of academic assignments because in this case the writer is not allowed to make up stories or give his or her points of view. Only true life and scientifically supported research facts should be included on your pages. To get the grade that you like, there is no better way than to go and see a health care expert in the subject that you chose to research. Ask all the questions that you have during the next appointment with your doctor. If you have doctors or medical students among your friends, do not hesitate to interview them. Go to the sources like AXA PPP Healthcare for more answers. Plagiarism, Referencing and Demonstrating Originality Whenever you write a research essay in health care, it’s always important that you refer to each of the sources that you used to communicate your arguments, facts, data, and ideas. The writer has to do this both in the essay text and the reference part at the end. If you refer to the general theory that exists in health care literature, you can make the textual reference in the following ways: ‘Psychological safety (Amy Edmondson, 1999) and learning behavior in work teams must be strictly monitored’. ‘Amy Edmondson’s (1999) theory states that psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams must be strictly monitored’. All of the direct references to the text should be frames in special quotation marks. Besides, you have to provide the page numbers. For example: ‘Academic evidence shows there is a strong connection between ‘psychological safety’ and a culture of learning within an organization’. (Amy Edmondson, 1999, pp. S123). Provide every citation in the research essay text with a corresponding entry in the sections ‘References’ that should be placed at the end of the paper. In order to reference an article in a health care journal: Kuh, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lynch, J., Hallqvist, J. and Power, C. (2003) Life course epidemi-ology, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57: 778–83. To reference an article from an online journal: Division of Tuberculosis Elimination [Internet]. Atlanta: CDC; [updated 1999 Oct; cited 2006 Sep 19]. Self-study modules on Tuberculosis, Module 7: Confidentiality in Tuberculosis Control: Background. Available from: cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/ssmodules/module7/ss7background.htm. In order to reference a book: Bhopal, R.S. (2002). Concepts of Epidemiology: An Integrated Introduction to the Ideas, Theories, Principles and Methods of Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Use Health Care Vocabulary Properly Just like in case with any other field of study, health care has its own vocabulary that the writer has to use widely. A good vocabulary will allow you to express what you mean exactly, in a concise and clear manner. What is more, economy with words is one of the basic characteristics of a research essay that deserves the best marks because the readers don’t like to waste their time on long and hard-to-understand sentences. So, your task is to express your points briefly and never include anything that could have been written in half the number of words. One of the best ways to make certain that the writer can communicate clearly and to the point is when he or she effectively and accurately uses the advanced vocabulary. If you are a good research essay writer, you should never rest on your laurels when the question is about the vocabulary. The thing here is that your vocabulary is something that you have to improve here and there since there are always new and unknown terms that help to communicate your points in a more effective manner. What is more, using a rich health care vocabulary proves the writer is intelligent and helps him or her remain persuasive no matter what. Read Other Writers’ Essays Just like the books and journals that you read subconsciously help you to work out your own special writing style, reading the essays written by the other students will help you develop your style in writing. Choose some of the best research essay in health care, including both the ones written by the academic and your peers. Read papers on a wide range of topics in your area of study, not necessarily just the ones that are related to your topic. The thing here is that different topics in health care might apply different types of styles and arguments. In other words, the more you read, the more possible techniques and methods there are for you to take and use in your own writing. We hope that you have found these simple recommendations and techniques useful and that each of them will help you to know more about the field of health care.

Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essays

Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essays Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essay Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Essay The Apostle Paul was the great leader in the momentous passage which characterized the apostolic age. the passage from a prevailingly Judaic to a prevailingly gentile Christianity. Under his counsel Christianity was saved from atrophy’ and decease. which threatened it if it remained confined in Palestine. At the same clip. by ground of his penetration into the truth of the Gospel and fidelity to it. every bit good as by his devotedness to the Old Testament and trueness to the highest Judaic ideals in which he had been reared. he saved Christianity from the moral and spiritual degeneration to which it would certainly hold been brought if it had broken with its yesteryear. and had tried to stand entirely and incapacitated amid the commotion of Greek spiritual motions of the first and 2nd Christian centuries. In Paul a great force of onward motion and a profound and witting radicalism were combined with basically conservative rules. Paul appears to hold been born at non far from the same clip as Jesus Christ. Harmonizing to Acts. Paul was born in Tarsus ( Acts 9:11 ; etc. ) . received the dual name Saul/Paul ( 13:9 ) . and through his household possessed Tarsian and Roman citizenship ( 22:25-29 ( Murphy-O’Connor 32-33 ) . Overall. Paul can be described as an able and exhaustively trained Jew. who had gained from his abode in a Grecian metropolis that grade of Greek instruction which complete acquaintance with the Grecian linguistic communication and the accustomed usage of the Grecian interlingual rendition of the Scriptures could convey. At underside he of all time remained the Jew. in his feelings. his background of thoughts. and his manner of idea. but he knew how to do acceptably apprehensible to Greek readers the truths in which. as prevarication came to believe. put the satisfaction of their deepest demands. At Jerusalem Paul entered ardently into the chase of the Pharisaic ideal of complete conformance in every specific to the Law. He was. he tells us. â€Å"found blameless† ( to every oculus but that of his ain scruples ) . and. he says. â€Å"I advanced in the Jews’ faith beyond many of mine ain age among my countrymen. being more extremely avid for the traditions of my fathers† . With ardent passion he entered into the persecution of the Christian religious order. was present and took a sort of portion at the slaying of Stephen. and undertook to transport on the work of suppression outside of Palestine at Damascus. whither he journeyed for this intent with letters of debut from the governments at Jerusalem ( Murphy-O’Connor 52-57 ) . At this clip took topographic point his transition. That he was converted. and at or near Damascus. his ain words leave no uncertainty. â€Å"I persecuted. † he says in composing to the Galatians. â€Å"the Church of God. . . But when it was the good pleasance of God. who separated me. even from my mother’s uterus. and called me through his grace. to uncover his Son in me. that I might prophesy him among the heathens ; straightway I conferred non with flesh and blood: neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me: but I went off into Arabia ; and once more I returned unto Damascus† ( Gal I. 13-17 ) . The alteration obviously presented itself to Paul’s head as a direct Godhead interjection in his life. It came to him in a disclosure of Jesus Christ. whereby ( and through no human mediator ) he received the Gospel which he preached. and the committee to be an apostle. He refers to it as to a individual event and an absolute alteration of way. non a gradual procedure and development ; the two parts of his life stood aggressively contrasted. he did non gestate that he had slid by unperceivable phases from one to the other. â€Å"What things [ i. e. his advantages of birth and Judaic attainment ] were addition to me. these have I counted loss for Christ. . . or whom I suffered† - as if in a individual minute - †the loss of all things† ( Phil. three. 7. 8 ) . From Paul’s ain words. so. we know that he was converted from a tormentor to a Christian. at a definite clip and at or near Damascus. by what he considered to be the direct interjection of God ; and it seems to be this experience of which he thought as a vision of the risen Christ ( Hubbard 176-77 ) . After Paul’s transition. which took topographic point in the latter portion of the reign of Tiberius ( 14-37 a. d. ) . about 15 old ages passed before the missional calling began of which we have knowledge from Acts and from Paul’s ain epistles. During this clip Paul was foremost in Arabia. that is in some portion of the imperium of which Damascus was the most celebrated metropolis. so in Damascus. and subsequently. after a brief visit to Jerusalem. in Cilicia. doubtless at his old place Tarsus. In this period we may say that he was seting his whole system of idea to the new Centre which had established itself in his head. the Messiahship of Jesus. With the new footing in head every portion of his rational universe must hold been thought through. Particularly. we may believe. will he hold studied the relation of Christian religion to the old dispensation and to the thoughts of the Prophetss. The fruit of these old ages we have in the full-blown idea of the epistles. They show a steadiness of position and a preparedness of resource in the usage of the Old Testament. which testify to through work in the clip of readying. Epistles written old ages apart. like Galatians. Romans and Philippians. surprise us by their uniformity of idea and unstrained similarity of linguistic communication. in malice of the profusion and vivacity of Paul’s idea and manner. So. for the most portion. the characteristic thoughts even of Epliesians and Colossians are found suggested in source in Corinthians and the earlier epistles. Paul’s epistles represent the literary blossoming of a head prepared by old ages of survey and contemplation ( Murphy-O’Connor 90-95 ) . At Paul’s missional journey and the beginning so made of churches in Asia Minor we have already looked in a old chapter. After his return to Antioch followed that great and polar juncture of early Christian history. the alleged Council. or Conference. at Jerusalem. described in the 15th chapter of Acts and by Paul in the 2nd chapter of Galatians. At that clip Paul established his right to transport on the work of Christian missions in conformity with his ain rules and his ain apprehension of the Christian faith. His relation with the Twelve Apostles seems so and at all times to hold been affable. His troubles came from others in the Judaic Church. To this we know of merely one exclusion. seemingly slightly subsequently than the Conference. the juncture at Antioch when Peter under force per unit area from Jerusalem withdrew from family with the gentile brethren. and called out from Paul the terrible reproof of which we read in Galatians. There is ground to believe that the reproof accomplished its intent. At any rate. at a ulterior clip there is no grounds of a continued breach. The thought of missional travel had obviously taken ownership of Paul. for after returning from Jerusalem to Antioch he shortly started out once more. and was endlessly occupied with missional work from now until the minute of his apprehension at Jerusalem. Leaving Antioch on his 2nd journey he and his comrades hurried across Asia Minor. halting merely. it would look. to revisit and inspect churches antecedently established. They were led by the Holy Spirit. as the author of Acts believed. to direct their class westward every bit quickly as possible to Greece. which was to be the following phase in the way to the capital of the universe. In Macedonia and Achaia Paul and his comrades worked with changing success at Philippi. Thessalonica. Ber? a. Athens. Corinth. At Corinth. the main commercial metropolis of Greece. the Christians arrived in the late fall. The work opened good. and Paul remained at that of import Centre until a twelvemonth from the following spring. The day of the month of his reaching can non be precisely determined. but is likely one of the five old ages between 49 and 53 a. d. While at Corinth he wrote the First and ( if it is echt ) the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians. Somewhere about this clip. possibly before go forthing Antioch for this journey. the Epistle to the Galatians was written. The churches of Galatia. to which it is addressed. were likely the churches known to us in Acts as Pisithan Antioch. Iconium. Lystra. and Derbe. After a winging trip to Syria and possibly to Jerusalem Paul returned to Ephesus in Asia Minor. where he settled down for a stay of three old ages. A few incidents of this period have been recorded in the Book of Acts. and are among the most dramatic and realistic that we have. They include a singular figure of points of contact with facts known to us from archaeological finds. and in no chapters of Acts is our assurance more to the full reassured in the modern-day cognition and the trustiness of the author of the book. While at Ephesus Paul had much communicating with Corinth. and wrote I Corinthians. which had clearly been preceded by another missive. There are indicants in II Corinthians that after this he found the troubles in the church at Corinth such that he wrote them at least one missive which has been lost. and made a short. and in its result extremely painful. trip to Corinth and back to Ephesus. Finally he was impelled by danger to his life to go forth Ephesus. and went through Macedonia to Corinth. On the manner he wrote. to fix for his ain presence. the epistle we call II Corinthians. Arriving at Corinth in the early winter he stayed until spring. His literary impulse continued active. and to this winter we owe the Epistle to the Romans. Earlier letters had been’ called out by particular demand in one or another church ; in Romans Paul comes nigher to a systematic expounding of his divinity than in any of his earlier Hagiographas. He knew the importance that would certainly belong to the Christian Church of Rome. He had made up his head to travel at that place. But first he must travel to Jerusalem. and there were dangers both from the hazards of travel and from hostile work forces. Of each hind his life had had many illustrations. Consequently he provided for the Roman Christians a clear statement of his chief place. together with a answer to several of the main expostulations brought against it. notably the allegations that his presentation of Christianity involves the repeal of God’s promises to his chosen people. and that it opened the manner to moral laxness. This missive Paul sent as an earnest of his ain visit to Rome. He had been for a twelvemonth or more oversing the aggregation by the churches of Asia Minor and Europe of a part for the hapless Christians at Jerusalem ; the heathen churches should therefore do a refund in animal things to those who had made them to be sharers of their religious things. This part was now ready. and Paul himself with a group of representatives of the main churches took ship at Philippi and Troas for Jerusalem. The ocean trip is narrated in item in Acts. obviously by one who was a member of the company. At last Paul reached Jerusalem. and was good received by the church ; but. followed as he was by the hate of Hebrews from the Dispersion who had recognized the threat to the Judaic faith continuing from the new religious order. he was set upon by a rabble. rescued merely by being taken in detention by the Roman governments. and after a series of exciting escapades which will be found laudably told in the Book of Acts. was brought to C`sarea. There he stayed a captive for two old ages and more until on the juncture of a alteration of Roman Governor his instance was brought up for test. when he exercised the right of a Roman citizen to appeal from the legal power of the Governor to that of the imperial tribunal at Rome. It was late fall. but he was dispatched with a comrade whom we may good believe to be Luke the darling doctor. and from whom our history surely comes. The narration of Paul’s ocean trip and shipwreck. of the winter on the island of Malta. and the concluding reaching at Rome early in one of the old ages between 58 and 62 a. d. is familiar. It is the most of import papers that antiquity has left us for an apprehension of the manner of working an ancient ship. while the image which it gives of Paul as a practical adult male is a delicious addendum to our other cognition of him ( Murphy-O’Connor 324 ) . In Rome. while under guard expecting test. Paul likely wrote Philippians. Colossians. Philemon. and the round missive. apparently intended for churches in Asia Minor. known to us as Ephesians. They show some new development of thoughts long present with him. and some new ideas to which his other Hagiographas give no analogue. and the manner of some of them has changed a spot from the freshness of Galatians and Romans ; but these are non sufficient grounds for denying that Paul wrote the letters. They are. so. as it seems to me. beyond sensible uncertainty genuine. The Book of Acts ends with the words. â€Å"And he [ Paul ] abode two whole old ages in his ain hired home. and received all that went in unto him. prophesying the Kingdom of God. and learning the things refering the Lord Jesus Christ with all daring. none prohibiting him. † This period of two old ages is sufficient to include the composing of the four epistles to which mention has merely been made. Philippians. Colossians. Philemon. and Epliesians. the alleged Epistles of the Captivity. What happened at the termination of the period? Apparently Paul’s instance. long postponed. so came to test. Make it ensue in his release or his executing? The grounds is meager and conflicting. and sentiments differ. It is possibly a little more likely that he was released. and entered on farther missional work. likely transporting out his original intent of forcing on with the announcement of his Gospel to the West. and set uping it in Spain ; but of this period there is no narrative. If after two old ages Paul’s imprisonment at Rome ended with his release. as the absence of tenable charges against him would take us to anticipate. he must hold been subsequently once more apprehended. likely in connexion with the persecution artfully turned against the Christians at the clip of Nero’s fire in July of the twelvemonth 64. It is likely that he was beheaded. to which favor his Roman citizenship entitled him. and that he was finally buried on the Ostian Way at the topographic point where now stands the glorious basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls.