Factual Basis Global Inequality - 2963 Words

Kiara Marmolejos Factual Basis Global inequality is one of today’s most prevalent issues with 40% of the world’s population living in poverty. Poverty is qualitatively defined as being extremely poor. It is quantitatively defined as living under $2.00 each day by the United Nations. One-sixth of the world population or 877 million people live in extreme poverty defined as living under $1.00 a day. This definition leaves out a large bracket of the world because living under 5$ or even 10$ a day can be considered extreme poverty. The Gini Index developed by the world bank provides a global picture of inequality by comparing per capita gross income of the world’s economies and classifies countries as high income, upper middle income, lower middle income, or low income. According to the Gini index, the gap between rich and poor countries has grown in recent years and continues to widen. Although the index provides a comparison of country averages it does not take into account inequality withi n countries. Therefore, we can assume most of the world is actually living in poverty and many definitions or statistics on global poverty should be taken lightly because certain countries do no have means to quantify each household income. The growing global inequality affects the life chances of the world’s population in many ways including hunger and malnutrition, health, education, vulnerability to climate change and access toShow MoreRelatedCanada s Power Regime Changes From New Face And New Political Party1266 Words   |  6 PagesAs Canada s power regime changes to a new face and new political party, the nation state receives a new vision. A new movement is introduced for establishing Canada s name socially, economically, and politically in its global relations. Canada has experienced this in the face of newly elected Prime Minister Sr. Justin Trudeau. Particularly inquiring of the dialogues exchanged within the conversation between Sr. Justin Treadeau and a press rep orter in regards to a tax policy change that appearedRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Climate Change1740 Words   |  7 Pages3 quadrillion Btu of energy used are produced by burning petroleum, natural gas, and coal in the United States (US EIA). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced in the energy extraction process, and how could these gases intensify global warming and climate change? In Naomi Klein’s book, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate, Klein describes climate change as a catastrophic crisis that the whole world is encountering. Hundreds of cities are threatened by rising sea-levelsRead MoreWhat Do John Maynard Keynes, Richard Norgaard, And Fred Block And Margaret Somers Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pagesunquestioning citation in academia and policy analysis points to the pervasiveness of conservative assumptions about the poor and what is natural. Altogether, these authors urge us to reconsider dominant economic stories that lack a ci rcumspect, factual basis as we consider various social, environmental, and economic policy alternatives. John Maynard Keynes is the first economic maverick here who calls attention to the flaws in common economic assumptions while also expanding the understanding of theRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Smaller States1576 Words   |  7 Pagesnationbuilding and economic reconstruction based on the development planning model, initially dissuaded the national leadership from conceding to demands for the creation of smaller regional states. Even states formed based on language, an accepted basis of the formation of independent nation-states in 19th century Europe. Only after India witnessed popular unrest, were linguistic states created in the late fifties and sixties, and this process remained incomplete. During the next three decades, onlyRead MoreThe Existence of Racism Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagestakes on the aura of a myth,† it has become increasingly difficult to define (de Benoist, 1999, p. 11). Although the term wasn’t officially featured in the Larousse Dictionary until 1932, racism had been a dark cloud hanging over the global horizon for centuries (de Benoist, 1999). Before delving into the complex concept of racism, it is recommended that the student who is writing on this topic first consider the notion of race, which has been described as â€Å"a group of peopleRead MoreBook Review of The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves1917 Words   |  8 PagesTyler Cowen when he discusses about why globalization results in huge creative gains. Gregg Easterbrook also comes to mind at the point where he stresses why we are still pessimistic despite the good news. His discussion pertaining to non-zero sum global cooperation takes readers and researchers to the world of Robert Wright. The foundational work of Adam Smith can be further recalled when he mentions his basic theses regarding exchange and trade (Easterly, 2010; Casnocha, 2011). In Ridleys opinionRead MoreEmployment During The Era Of Climate Change1758 Words   |  8 Pages3 quadrillion Btu of energy used are produced by burning petroleum, natural gas, and coal in the United States (US EIA). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced in the energy extraction process, and how could these gases intensify global warming and climate change? In Naomi Klein’s book, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate, Klein describes climate change as a catastrophic crisis that the whole world is encountering. Hundreds of cities are threatened by rising sea-levelsRead MoreManaging A Global Team : Greg James At Sun Microsystems, Inc. Team 51821 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study Managing a Global Team: Greg James at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Team 5: Ailing Guo - Andrey Kozyrev - Anjana Pandathil - Marcus Dehne - SreeVardhan Beeram Reddy 1. Introduction Sun Microsystems is an extremely large and complicated business that is not easily lead and managed. The immense amount of responsibility that Sun Microsystems undertakes in its services to clients has to be kept with honor and with as few errors as possible. Sun’s corporate clients rely on their software to run officesRead MoreIkea Case1946 Words   |  8 Pagesdesign and applied a traditional internationalization strategy as centralisation. Certain marketers agree that the standardized marketing strategy which focuses on the similarities among cultures and develops global marketing plans eliminating the need of culture can be used for creating strong global brands and expanding business globally without any problems. The marketers employ this approach as a result of they see the world as a one large market in which difference between cultures have diminishedRead MoreCase Study: Cultural Norms, Fair Lovely, and Advertising3030 Words   |  13 Pagesgain 15% of the market. Hindustan Lever Ltd exploited the cultural preference of light skin complexion to dark skin color in India and lunched an unethical promotional campaign that portrayed light skin superiority and gender inequality. The advertisement campaign created a strategic weakness for HLL which CavinKare Ltd capitalized on to lunch a counter attack by developing an advertisement that is culturally more appealing to a wider segment of the Indian society. Catora, Gilly

Factors Promoting Higher Divorce Rates Essay - 1062 Words

The traditional family clan that we are all acquainted with, the father, the mother and their offspring, has been consistently losing ground, in fact, the tendency does not appear to slow down, in other words, it is hastening to extinction. Data from the Bureau of Census Statistical Abstract of the United States published that in 1890 the ratio divorce to marriage was one divorce for every 18 marriages. More than 100 years later, in 2005, the divorce rate had impressively incremented to an astounding rate of one divorce for every 2.1 marriages. Therefore, this augments represents a 40 percent increase in divorce rate in a 100 year period. Additional information found in Hunt/Colander’s Social Science textbook reveals that 40 percent of†¦show more content†¦These are kids from married couples living in delightful homes possessing numerous characteristics of the homes of split parents. This scenery may support the theory of the higher divorce rate among children of divorced parents. They are children of modern couples’ homes which are similar in many aspects to children of divorced couples’ homes; absent parents. If a kid has lived most of his maturing life cherished by school teachers and a nanny at home and only rare quality time with mom and dad at the end of the day when they are exhausted and eagle for a rest, those kids in such little time will have little to absorb from their parents’ culture, values and traditions. They may not be children of a hundred percent divorced parents, but they are having a life, or perhaps a semi-life, of a semi-broken family. Back in the 30s when a pure homemaker-mom was not a relic, and divorce rates were at five and a half percent versus fifty percent today, people were happier, at least that what they said. The primarily factor for the latest wave of divorces have been blamed on women, since men haveShow MoreRelatedFactors Promoting Higher Divorce Rates724 Words   |  3 PagesDemographic and Economic Predictors of Divorce Building on research conducted in prior decades, family scholars have continued to document the major risk factors for divorce. These factors include marrying as a teenager, being poor, experiencing unemployment, having a low level of education, living with ones future spouse or another partner prior to marriage, having a premarital birth, bringing children from a previous union into a new marriage (especially among mothers), marrying someone ofRead MorePost World War II Women991 Words   |  4 PagesMy family’s history demonstrates the rarity of divorce and separation. However, the emergence of divorce perpetuated years to follow, infringing upon social norms promoting controversy. Fortunately, Canada introduced new reforms to minimize economic hardship for single families, such as welfare. Thus, prior to the 1920’s single families were very uncommon however post Word War II, there were many factors that increased this such as; high mortality rate in the war, job demands away from the home, socialRead MorePrevention Plan for Divorce Before Marriage Essay2254 Words   |  10 Pages9 Personal Relationships Wellness Philosophy Paper (PRW) Fall 2012 Marriage is one of the most essential factors of human life. It creates the basis for everyone to pursue a better, healthier, and happier life. However, it is the fact that there are more and more couples marrying and then ending up with divorce, and this rate is increasing faster year by year. Actually, all the divorce cases are originated from some of the forms of emotional illness that gradually appear in each partner duringRead MoreFamily Structure Changes And Child Behavior Problems Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermine whether economic structure played a role in the behaviors of children. The study focused on a specific age group between 3 to 12 years old. Additionally, the study took in to account other changes in a family structure – single mothers, divorce, and father’s involvement in the child’s life. The study illustrated that â€Å"significant associations between family changes and child behavior problems emerged only for changes experienced dur ing early childhood and preschool.† Furthermore the dataRead MoreUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness1544 Words   |  7 PagesUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI) Teen Pregnancy The birth rate among teens in the United States has declined 9% from 2009 to 2010, a historic low among all racial and ethnic groups, with the least being born in 2010; and in 2011 the number of babies born to adolescents aged 15-19 years of age was 329,797 (â€Å"Birth Rates for U.S.†, 2012). Although the decline in unwanted and unplanned teen births is on the rise the United States continues to be among theRead MoreMarriage Argumentative Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesGey’, marriage has a universal appeal. It continues to be the most intimate social network, providing the strongest and most frequent opportunity for social and emotional support. Though, over the years, marriage appears to be tarnished with high divorce rates, discontentment and infidelity, it is still a principal source of happiness in the lives of respective partners. Although marriage is perceived as a deeply flawed institution serving more the needs of the society than those of the individuals,Re ad MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Adolescents1945 Words   |  8 PagesDefining the Issue Throughout this paper, the impact of divorce as it relates to delinquency among children and adolescents will be discussed at length. From the judicial perspective, divorce is the legal dissolving of a relationship, and the removal of one parent from another (Dhungana Sainju, 2016). Divorce not only effects the parents and the children, but has the ability to effect the criminal justice system as well (Dhungana Sainju, 2016). The high number of divorced familiesRead MoreThe Nuclear Family Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pageschild-rearing, and other economic responsibilities had to be done by two adults only (Bowden Smith, 2010). In this paper, we look into the development of the nuclear family: its origin, evolution, and status today. We also look into the most influential factors that led to the current status of nuclear families. We also look into the recommendations that represent different values and belief systems that promote the revival of degraded idealization and decline of the nuclear family. The Modern Nuclear FamilyRead MoreProblems And Challenges Of Poverty1595 Words   |  7 Pagesresidents due to the rising costs of living, making it extremely difficult for families in low-income groups to meet their basic needs3. In 2010, the poverty rate in Saskatchewan was 10.1% which is higher than Canada’s overall poverty rate (8.4%)4. About 99,000 people were affected by poverty, and the child poverty rate was the third highest provincial rate across Canada4. Also in 2010, 11.7% of all children under the age of 18 (approximately 30,000 children) were living below the poverty line4. The mostRead MoreObesity : Better Policies For A Healthier America 20151319 Words   |  6 Pagespercentile. Generally, obesity is associated with higher energy intake and lower energy expenditure. Egger and Swinburn (1997) call it a â€Å"traditional† view and suggest the need in a paradigm shift; their ecological approach to the problem suggests that the impetus for rising obesity is the â€Å"increasingly obesogenic environment† (p. 478), which they define as â€Å"the sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities, or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations,† rather

Islam The Faces Of An Islamic State Essay - 3358 Words

Benjamin Thompkins Professor Gregory Weiher 4348 Islamic Political Thought 5/6/2015 Statement of Intent â€Å"Islam: The Faces of an Islamic State† The objective of this research paper is to examine literature to gain an enlightened perspective into the idea of the â€Å"Islamic State† in regards to the Middle East and other traditionally Islamic territories. To gain this insight the theories and ideas of noted Islamic scholars like Maududi, Tahtawi will be probed and analyzed. Tahtawi in particular is a scholar of importance in regard to the idea of the nationalism and the â€Å"nation state† in Islam. The ideas he acknowledged and adopted from his travels from France are key to look at. However, it is necessary to play homage to the practice/idea of â€Å"democracy† or in Maududi’s case â€Å"TheoDemocracy†. These theories and the themes for an Islamic state were bred under liberal societies as well as democratic functioning states for Tahtawi, but these tools were given to man already in Maududi’s view. What did Islamic scholars like Tahtawi and Maududi believe the benefit and advanta ges would be from pursuing their models for governance under Islam and eventually an â€Å"Islamic State†? Intro What is Good Government The Middle East march towards Modernism Key Theorist who shaped â€Å"state† Body Tahtawi’s life and what he stood for His vision of the State â€Å"nationalism Championing of human rights Supremeness of religion Maududi in Retrospect Hated the idea of nationalism Modeled in a SenseShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Terrorists Attack on the World Trade Centre in New York1205 Words   |  5 Pageswestern concept about Islam and Muslims. Moreover, Islamic concept â€Å"Jihad† is criticized and it is questioned among Non-Muslims. 9/11 attack not only effects non-Muslims but also the Muslims who have no connections with the terrorist groups. As well as they do not support these terrorism. These Muslims face the hatred of the non-western people. They feel guilty about the Sin, they neither commit nor support. After 9/11, The Muslims all over the world called as terrorist and Islam is considered as religionRead MoreMiddle East Beast By Joel Richardson949 Words   |  4 Pagesinterpretation known as Islamic End-Time Theory. This view was made popular from the book, Middle East Beast by Joel Richardson. The basic premise is that the last kingdom Daniel prophesied as the ten toes of the statue in chapter two and the fourth beast in chapter seven is an Islamic kingdom ruled by an Islamic Antichrist, considered by Muslims as the Mahdi. This view has definite strengths; foremost, its answer to the problem this present world faces with Radical Islamic Terrorism, whose goal isRead MoreEssay on Islam The Straight Path989 Words   |  4 Pages Islam The Straight Path   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An evaluation of the book by John L. Esposito: Islam The Straight Path. In this book , Esposito provides a succinct, up-to-date survey of the Islamic experience, an introduction to the faith, belief, and practice of Islam from its origins to its contemporary resurgence. He traces the emergence and development of this dynamic faith and its impact on world history and politics. He discusses the formation of Islamic belief and practice (law, theology, philosophy,Read MoreThe Horror Of 9 / 11883 Words   |  4 Pagesthis is a day-to-day reality for Islamic followers in America. The horror of 9/11, the native skin of the Boston bombers, and the endless horrific news from the Islamic State (IS) continue to regurgitate in the media year after year, month after month, week after week, and night after night never leaving a listener short of a negative taste for Islam followers, Muslims. Muslims bear the brunt of social construction because the U.S. continues to identify the Islam religion as a whole verses exceptingRead MoreEssay Understanding Islamic Religion and Culture1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is your view on the Islamic religion and culture? Did you know they are the fastest growing religion in the world today, with eighty-percent now developing outside the Arab world(Belt, Don) Today’s generation does not show much interest or knowledge of their own religion; let alone the Islamic people. Most people only expose themselves to information that matches their own opinions and beliefs. Instead of learning and exploring new things about the world they stick to what they know becauseRead MoreThe Horror Of X And 11 : The Black Skin Of The Boston Bombers915 Words   |  4 Pagesday-to-day reality of Islamic followers in America. The horror of 9/11, the native skin of the Boston bombers, and the endless horrific news from the Islamic State (IS) continue to regurgitate in the media year after year, month after month, week after week, and night after night leaving a listener with negative feelings toward the Islam religion an d its followers, Muslims. Muslims bear the brunt of social construction because the United States continues to identify the Islamic religion as a wholeRead MoreMiddle East Beast By Joel Richardson1012 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpretation known as Islamic End-Time Theory. This view was made popular from the book, Middle East Beast by Joel Richardson. The basic premise is that the last kingdom Daniel prophesied as the ten toes of the statue in chapter two and the fourth beast in chapter seven will be Islamic, and the Antichrist will be a Muslim and likely be seen by Muslims as the Mahdi. This view has definite strengths; foremost being its answer to the problem this present world faces with radical Islamic terrorism, whoseRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam1157 Words   |  5 PagesPillars of Islam Compared to Christian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (â€Å"Islam†). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (â€Å"Christianity†). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faithRead MoreUnderstanding Islam Assignment Essay626 Words   |  3 PagesUnderstanding Islam Assignment Although Islam is the second largest religion in the world, the infamy alone is not sufficient enough for some people to change their current views of the adherents of this religion. This history of this religion is remarkable; it started out among a small population of advocates in Arabia. It did not take a long time for this religion to spread and flourish. A religion that was established in Arabia suddenly extended to the natives of Spain, Africa, and China (â€Å"Background-TwoRead MoreIslam : A Monotheistic Religious Tradition Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages150 May 7, 2015 Randal Cummings Islam Islam is a monotheistic religious tradition that developed in the Middle East in the 7th century C.E. Islam which means â€Å"surrender† or â€Å"submission,† was founded on the teaching of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as a surrender to the will of Allah. Followers of Islam are called Muslim those who make peace to all. Muslims believe in the one and only divine creator of the world, Allah. The prophet Muhammad (pbuh) gave the name Islam to the religious movement because

Admission Essay for the University of Alaska Anchorage Free Essays

I am of the firm belief that a person without a defining vision for oneself is only as good as that someone living without a sense of direction and meaning in one’s life. This is because I find it needless to contend that personal vision is an essential ingredient to live a sensible life. Vision, if I may argue, is the eternal fount from where all our actions flow, if not from where all our motives take cue. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission Essay for the University of Alaska Anchorage or any similar topic only for you Order Now For that reason, I am inclined to think that, only when a person is able to appreciate a complete picture of who he or she is, not the least an idea of what one wants to become in his or her life, can that someone truly come to understand the essence of living a meaningful life. In ways more than one, I am applying at the University of Alaska Anchorage moved by the controlling motive to pursue a vision which I have long believed to be a noble vocation which my heart truly beats for – i.e., to become a successful pilot for the commercial industry, by capitalizing on the learning that I can gain from a Bachelor’s Degree in International Studies. And believe that I can become successful in my chosen field if I am able to pour a fair amount of effort in setting my academic and professional goals right at the onset. Of paramount importance to my vision is to finish a Bachelor’s Degree in International Studies. Since the nature of my prospective profession entails immersing myself into the vastly diverse cultures of the world, I believe that a Degree in International Studies is, essentially, of no little importance to my personal and professional journey. At the very least, a degree in International Studies can surely help me appreciate the many different facets of human dynamics, projected, as it were, onto the larger sphere on international arena. And by allowing me to obtain a Degree in International Studies, I believe that the University can become instrumental in helping me appreciate my profession not only as a career, but also – nay, even more so – an avenue for greater appreciation of, and respect for world cultures. Secondly, I have reasons to think that my past experiences have been largely contributory to my decision to take up International Studies. Having been raised into a Bush Alaskan environment, where diversity – more than anything else – thrived, in addition to having been given a rare opportunity to briefly pursue scholastic training in Australia, as well having been into not a few States and world countries during my childhood and early adulthood years, I believe that I have a lot of experiences that need dutiful interpretation under the lenses of academic sciences. This is where, I can only surmise, the University steps in. For one, I am more than certain that the University can help me – through the courses slated in its International Studies Degree – to put into wise perspectives the lessons that I have already gained from my otherwise rich life experiences. How to cite Admission Essay for the University of Alaska Anchorage, Essays

Construction Project Observations Essay Example For Students

Construction Project Observations Essay Project Description After several months of planning and design, excavation for the new ACES library on the University of Illinois campus began in May 1999. The project is sponsored and will be owned by the Board of Trustees for the University of Illinois. Six separate contractors are working together under one general contractor. The project, which began in May of 1999, is scheduled to be completed by February 2001. Through informal interviews with Charles O. Pickar we learned that the project is 4-5 weeks behind schedule. Pending weather conditions 25 to 35 workers usually present on site. The typical workday can run between 6:30am and depending on deadlines can last until 9-10pm. As of the third week in January 2000, the concrete foundation and the steel framework for the five-story structure, with the exception of the roof, were intact. The appendix of this report contains photographs of observed procedures and site materials. Observed Operations January 27, 2000On the morning of January 27, two massive 18-wheel trucks carrying various shapes and sizes of steel beams were unloaded on site. It took almost two hours to unload each truck. A crane approximately 200 ft. high was used to move the steel from the truck onto wooden planks on the ground. The steel was separated by shape, and by using the quite large reaching span of the crane, the workers were able to deliver the beams directly from the truck to their appropriate sides of the site. This operation involved a six-man crew. Two men connected the hooks from the crane onto the steel. Two men guided the steel onto the planks on the ground. Two men took turns operating the crane. This process was very time consuming due to the amount of steel needed to be lifted entirely over the five story structure to the other side of the site, and due to what seemed to be a lack of experience of the rigging crew. It took them a very long time to make the connections on each beam, and check for security. These factors ma y have influenced the unloading time taken that morning. As these trucks were being unloaded, another crew of men worked in the basement. No equipment was being placed at that time, but people were hauling down tools and what looked to be some sort of electrical cords. Perhaps they were working to install some piece of equipment already lowered down there, or maybe they were moving already dropped equipment away from the opening in the floor to make room for more to be lowered. January 28, 2000Installation of metal decking floor supports began on Friday, January 28. By the early afternoon, the level between the first and second stories was nearly complete. There were some openings left, mostly on the south side of the building, which will serve as stairways and elevator shafts. The center of the building also lacked decking, and judging by the design drawings, this section was left opened for a skylight, which will cover the apex of the roof upon completion. The decking between the second and third stories was about half installed by 3:00p m. A two-man team of welders worked to secure the union of the decking to the steel framework as each section was placed. Special protective masks and eye shields were used to ensure no damage was done to the eyesight of the welders during this process. Decking sheets lay in bundles on the beams between the third and fourth floors, awaiting installation. Upon completion, safety inspectors will come out to the site to check the torque on the bolts and the security of the welds. The sheets were placed connecting to studs sticking upward from the steel framework. The outside beams were such that they remained higher vertically than the steel reinforcement going in. This design allows for concrete to be poured over the decking without it spilling over the sides of the building. This entire process, including the welders, men placing the decking, and one man who was sweeping debris from the recently installed supports, entailed a crew of seven men. Due to the afternoon increase in snowfa ll, and the increase of wind, the crew began covering their equipment with plastic tarps and prepared to quit for the day at around 3:30pm. January 31, 2000No work was done on this site during the weekend, but activity began again early Monday morning, January 31. The 200 ft. crane lifted three of six large steel beams onto the top mid section of the building, which will eventually support a roof that slants upward from the fifth story to the top of the skylight. The crane was attached to the top of the beams and lowered them vertically onto the structure. Each beam had three small steel ledges, which stuck out horizontally near the top, and were designed to support piping that will run above the ceiling. Two men waited, standing on the fifth story framework to secure the beams in place once the crane had placed them. These men drove spikes into holes in the beam to anchor them to the structure. Both wore safety harnesses to ensure that they wouldnt lose their balance while hammering the beams in place. By noon, three beams were set and secured. Kiss Of The Spider Woman Essay PaperFebruary 4, 2000The snow and wind on the afternoon of Friday, February 4 again forced the ironworkers to abandon lying any additional floor decking. A crew of three men prepared to drop a transformer into the basement. The crane was extendible and looked to be at about 100 ft. The riggers took their time securing the connection, but due to wind, never attempted to move the unit. Mr. Pickar later explained that this particular type of crane is not very stable. If the load sways while being transferred, there is a great possibility that it will flip. Keeping in mind operator safety, as well as the safety of nearby crewmembers, risks are just too great to attempt transfer today. Tarps covered the transistors and the crane lowered and folded up. Mr. Pickar also mentioned that a late delivery of hangers for the basement earlier in the project was already pushing everything behind schedule. The weather problems further added to those delays. Looking at the architectural drawings covering several tables in the construction office, it was noted that there will eventually be a tunnel running underground out the north end of the library and into nearby buildings. Several revisions had to be made on these drawings, especially in regards to the structure itself, to modify the ideas of the designer with the feasibility of engineering. Sebesta Blomberg, which is primarily an engineering company, did most of the modifications. There were almost 1000 pages just of architectural design and several other books of drawings, such as electrical and mechanical work, which were equally as thick. These all seemed to be labeled in an efficient manner to assure that pages could be easily located. This is especially useful when phone calls come in and someone needs to know something like a dimension on a certain machine in a certain room. People with identical books can easily direct another over the phone to a specific page. Depending on th e type of work it entails, specific areas within each book are easy to find just by reading the markings on the bottom corners of the pages. Safety IssuesIn reference to safety issues other than the specific situations mentioned before, it was noted that anyone entering the site was required to wear a hard hat as well as construction boots. Every worker wore thick gloves and some wore safety eyeglasses. All crane operations were taken slowly and all ironwork was called off at the first signs of slickness or dangerous winds. Anyone operating machinery, such as the welders or crane operators were trained and certified prior to working. All visitors were required to sign in and out to alert those in charge as to who was on site in case of an emergency. The construction office bookcase was filled with safety manuals, OSHA guides, project management workbooks, structural welding guides etc. All the drawings contained clear markings referring to placement of safety equipment, such as fire alarm and hose reels. Safety inspection was accounted for in the scheduling process and any sort of risks taken very seriously by all members of the working and management crew. Construction Observation Conclusions In conclusion, this construction project reflects a complex system of seemingly unrelated activities, which in actuality are crucially dependent on one another. The timing of the start and finish of every little detail is scheduled so that it fits in the order necessary to complete the project in the most efficient way. Advanced planning, foresight, and experience are used to ensure processes are done in the right order. An example of this is the basement project. The design must call for a section of flooring to be left out. Hangers have to go in before wire and pipes, which have to go in before machinery, which has to go in before fire safety equipment and inspection, which has to be done before the floor gets closed up. Each link in the chain is essential. Delays can easily build up fast if one link cant finish the job. Its the responsibility of the construction manager to ensure that materials get there on time and that workers have the qualif ications and tools necessary to complete the task. The construction manager must keep an eye on all aspects of the project, paying special attention to safety codes and restrictions, and understand the interdependence of each days events in order to avoid delays, maintain a safe working environment, and keep the schedule moving smoothly until every final detail has reached completion. Engineering

The Literature Review

Question: ExplainThe literature review of the research. Answer: The literature review of the research is conducted to enable the researcher to understand the concepts, theories as well as current knowledge of QMS-ISO 9000 and Six Sigma. The aim of this literature review is to review published work on ISO 9000 and its implementation to enable the researcher to identify the issues and barriers that the organization is facing with the certification at the organization. ISO 9000 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) ISO is a high esteem and established standard for Quality Management System (QMS) and is applicable across nearly every industry. ISO 9000 standard is initiated in 1987 as a theoretical framework and then developed into process oriented approach, according to which all the activities that affect customer (and not only the product) requirements, should be identified, mapped, understood, controlled ad continuously improved (ISO 2005, 2008). Kafel and Casadesus (2016) opined that ISO 9000 is implemented by over 1 million organizations. It is based on eight QM principles. The principles are discussed as below:Customer focus It helps to increase the revenue as well as market share obtained throughout the fast responses to the market opportunities (Bernardo et al., 2015). ISO 9000 increases the effectiveness at the time of use of resources to enhance the customer satisfaction and improvement over the customer loyalty (De Oliveira, 2013). It provides with best practices requirements for an effective Quality Management System (QMS). Psomas and Pantouvakis (2015) argued that the QMS enables the business to run effectively as well as profitability in the marketplace. Process Approach Goetsch and Davis (2014) outlined that the process approach consists of the system application of processes within the organization. The entire system is a homogeneous system with no part of being in isolation. The small businesses those are adopting the ISO 9000 can build their quality system in order to facilitate the development as well as an expansion of their business (Evans Lindsay, 2014). ISO 9000 is one of three standards of the quality management that is used to build robust QMS (Karthi, et al., 2014).System approach Integration as well as alignment of the processes that help to achieve desired results (Gitlow, Melnyck Levine, 2015). The organizations should sustain success when the business processes are required to manage as one coherent QMS. The key benefits of this approach ar e that it has the ability to focus effort on the key processes (Hejazi Levy, 2012). It provides confidence to the parties to consistency and efficiency of the organization (Hilton Sohal, 2012). Leadership Lakhal (2014) indicated that the leadership relates to inspire people to work to meet with organizational goals. Leadership is based on the philosophy that improves the quality, productivity as well as cost (Kafel Casadesus, 2016). The key benefit of this approach is that it removes mis-communication among the employees and management level. Even the activities are evaluated and implemented in a unified manner (Psomas Pantouvakis, 2015).Continual Improvement IS0 9000 standard is the process for continual improvement to achieve the products of highest quality and achieve greater consumer confidence (De Oliveira, 2013). Gitlow, Melnyck and Levine (2015) stated that it has the flexibility in order to react quickly with the opportunities. The application is that it provides people training in methods as well as tools for making continual improvement (Lakhal, 2014).Involvement of people There are motivated and involved people in the organization. The individuals are participa ted and contributed to continual improvement (Heras-Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2015). The application of this approach leads to identify constraints to performance, evaluate performance against personal goals and accept ownership of problems (Kafel Casadesus, 2016). People have the ability to share knowledge, experience and discuss problems (De Oliveira, 2013). Decision making Simon et al., (2014) stated that effective decisions should be taken based on the logical investigation of data. Rework as well as customer data are important for making a decision. Karthi, et al., (2014) opined that decision-making approach ensures that the data are accurate as well as reliable. It makes data accessible and analyzes it using valid methods (Manville et al., 2014). Supplier Relationships Mutual beneficial relationships among the organizations as well as suppliers enhance the capability of the organization to create an innovative value (Rao, 2016). The application is that this approach makes relationship based on long-term considerations such as identification of key suppliers and sharing of plans (Lakhal, 2014). Evans and Lindsay (2014) stated that it inspires and recognizes the areas of improvement. There are some organizations certified to the ISO management system standards all over the world in the last five years. It has crossed a million of organizations by 2013 (Kyrillos et al., 2015). An ISO 9000 certified organization should have an effective QMS as well as achieves a high level of customer satisfaction, employee motivation, customer complaints, profit and minimal rejections. Gumerov et al., (2015) stated that the organization is failed due to growing too fast, poor execution of the business, failure to change in time, lack of reserve capital as well as failure to track the finances are some of the reasons of failure. For this reason, ISO 9000 standards are used by the organization to improve their productivity as well as profitability. Growing too fast ISO 9001 gives a well-defined processes to identify the pinch points that come in the business (Mohammadi Asgari, 2016).Poor execution The core requirement of ISO 9000 is to meet the expectations of customers (Denton Maatgi, 2016). Regular audit of the internal operations and measurement over the customer satisfaction ensures that focuses on customers are maintained. Failing to change in time It is required to focus on the expectations and requirements of the customers. Therefore the business should focus on changes in the marketplace (Silva, Fonseca Sousa, 2016). QMS assists to ensure the agreed changes that should be carried out in a structured manner. Lack of reserve capital By monitoring the performance process and improvement over efficiency will able to k eep cost to a minimum when overruns in labor and material occurs (Psomas Pantouvakis, 2015). Ineffective marketing Certification to ISO 9001 enables the business to promote success enhancing the marketing (Mohammadi Asgari, 2016).Failing to track the finances Management of the cash is vital for the large and small businesses. It is required to be close the customers as well as deliver their expectations (Cots, Casadesus Marimon, 2016). Then the payment is made on time as well as queries delay payment reduced. Inadequate business plan The planning of business is critical, and therefore it is required to communicate the business plan to the management and employees (Herasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2013). ISO 9000 trains the employees and aware them about their respective roles. Giacomarra et al., (2016) discussed a case study on the automobile industry, Ford Motor that intended to adopt the QMS in their business in the year 1960. At first, Ford Motor adopted Q101. However, in the year 1995, the company changes their standards to ISO 9000 or Fords Q1 award. With th e implementation of ISO 9000, the quality principles, as well as tools, are associated with the TQM organization. The benefits of implementation of this standard in Ford Motors are as follows:Increased marketability: Parra-Lopez et al., (2016) agreed that with the implementation of IS 9000 standard into Ford, it provides their business with heightened credibility with a current satisfaction level of the clients. With the implementation of the new standard in the business, it is proved that Ford Motors is desired to provide quality products to the customers (Nanda, 2016). This benefit increases the customer retention and acquisition so that they can compete with their competitors. Reduce the operational expenses: Due to an adoption of a new standard, it is seen that the process of registration often describes major shortcomings in diverse operational areas. Goetz et al., (2015) argued that reduction in the operational issues results into improving the efficiencies that help Ford to g ain time as well as cost savings. The costs of scrap returns, as well as employee time to analyze the product, are reduced due to initiating the ISO 9000. Better control of management: The process of ISO 9000 requires much documentation as well as self-assessment of the business processes that increases the overall direction as well as processes of the company. Improve the customer satisfaction: ISO 9000 certification is used in Ford Motors to improve the final quality of product to get superior levels of consumer satisfaction. By securing the ISO 9000 certification, Ford Motors can require providing their clients with a chance to give quality in their business dealings (Sallis, 2014). Reduction in product liability risks: Kyrillos et al., (2015) stated that most of the industry experts compete that the companies should get ISO 9000 certification to strike with the product liability lawsuits due to a superiority of the business operations of Ford Motors. As due to an implementation of ISO 9000 standards, the car products are of good quality that satisfies the requirements of the customers.ISO 9000 QMS Implementation Barriers and IssuesThe researcher defined the common barriers that most of the organizations are faced while implementing ISO 9000 certification (Mitra, 2016). It is required that all the organization should understand the barriers before they implement QMS. In order to review the barriers and issues, the researcher categorizes the barriers as follows:Lack of top management involvement and supportGumerov et al., (2015) mentioned that the commitment of the top management is one of the important factors to successfully implement QMS within an organization. The connection between the top management support as well as product quality may not direct. Therefore, an involvement of the top management is required to improve the product quality (Mohammadi Asgari, 2016). The top management is also involved in quality efforts at a phase of implementation as w ell as monitoring. Baroniene and Neverauskas (2015) cited that the commitment of the top management is required for successful QM implementation as leadership behavior of management translates the commitment into actions. It enhances the ability to analyze relevant information of consumer focus, benchmarking as well as supplier QMS. Lack of human resources Vrellas and Tsiotras (2015) stated that the human resource management is the availability of the process of training, a corporation as well as a relationship between the employees as well as managers. Insufficient educations to the employee, low skills of the employee as well as higher turnover of the employee to implement the QMS in the organization are the common barriers in HRM. Psomas (2016) cited that lack of education, as well as training programs, should be an obstacle to implementation of QMS, as these two are required to facilitate continual improvement within an organization. The education, as well as training programs, should be formal. The training program starts to appreciate the organization's quality initiatives as well as useful to understand the globalization as well as competitiveness on work (Furterer, 2016). Most of the Western organizations are failed to implement QMS as they started their training programs without identifying the impact on the quality. Denton an d Maatgi (2016) argued that inconsistent reward system and lack of recognition are the obstacles. Cots, Casadesus and Marimon (2016) outlined that lack of respect and reward are done to achieve quality performance, which is a barrier to effective ISO 9001 implementation. Lack of understanding of the ISO 9001 standards and their requirements Rao (2016) quoted that due to lack of understanding of the QM principles, it results into an obstacle to implementing the standards into the organization. Due to lack of understanding of the ISO 9000 requirements, the organization faces difficulties to implement corrective actions, data control, and internal quality audit as well as document control (De Oliveira, 2013). These consequences have occurred when the management of the organization faces problems in fulfilling the following requirements of ISO 9001 standards as follows:1. Failure into fulfilling the requirements of the quality system (Karthi, et al., 2014). 2. Failure into identifying the quality records as well as procedures to control the documentation (Marques et al., 2013). 3. Failure to ensure the products conformityStatistical tools such as Statistical Process Control (SPC) are a difficult requirement in order to implement ISO 9000 standards. Bernardo et al., (2015) outlined that the reason for failing to implement SP C are a lack of understanding of the techniques to use it, lack of training as well as poor project control. 2.2.4 Organizational culture barriersKafel and Casadesus (2016) opined that the organizational culture is the most vital barriers to implementing the ISO 9000 standards. The organizational culture consists of knowledge, law, belief and customers that are acquired by the employees in the organization. Lakhal (2014) argued that successful implementation of the QMS requires a good organizational culture as well as an integrated process to change in organizational behavior. Rao (2016) outlined that education, training; programs of employee participation and improvement are influencing the culture of the organization over communication, review of procedures as well as policies and modification in the reward system. 2.2.5 High cost of certificationThe high cost of the certification is a major barrier to implementing the ISO 9000 certification as it is generated by consultant and re gistration fee, training as well as time taken to implement the system. A high fee of consultancy in order to facilitate the registration process is a key factor for the high cost of certification. Silva, Fonseca and Sousa (2016) argued that the consultation cost, implementation, as well a third party certification cost is high. The cost of upgrading the entire infrastructure in order to meet the international standards and development cost are the vital barriers to implementing the standards (Giacomarra et al., 2016). Even the lack of financial capability of the organization in order to maintain the QMS cost is one of the issues that affects the implementation process. 2.2.6 Lack of DocumentationDenton and Maatgi (2016) stated that the documentation of the QMS within an organization is affected by its complexity as well as the interaction of processes. The QMS documentation is represented within the quality manual that consists of quality policy as well as objectives. Silva, Fonsec a and Sousa (2016) opined that approximately 80 percent of the failures of the ISO 9000 implementation within the organization are due to improper document as well as data. 2.2.7 Lack of supplier control and cooperationSupplier relationship, involvement, and lack of duration of a relationship are the barriers. Vrellas and Tsiotras (2015) stated that role of too many suppliers in implementation to one organization is a barrier to implementing QMS. Psomas (2016) argued that lacks of cooperation from the suppliers are also a reason for failure in implementation of ISO 9000 standards within the organization. Six Sigma Timans et al., (2016) opined that using the concept of six sigma the organization should eliminate the defects, reduction in production as well as expansion costs, reduction in cycle times as well as inventory levels and enhance in the profit margin with improving the customer satisfaction. Patel, Asodariya and Patel (2016) stated that six sigma provides with an effective mechanism to focus on the requirements of customers through improvement over the process quality. The benefits of the Six Sigma are an increase in revenue as well as a reduction in cost. Gitlow, Melnyck and Levine (2015) stated the role of Six Sigma in various industries such as:Healthcare: The cost of healthcare is high as well as the aging population increases stress on the healthcare sectors. Six Sigma helps to increase the time the care providers are spending with their patients (Arcidiacono, Costantino Yang, 2016). It also reduces the time spent in the paperwork and reduces the time people are spending waiting for care. Technology: On a daily basis, the customers rely on the advanced technology. Six Sigma helps the business to deliver the products with fewer defects and decreases returns. Financial services: Budgets are continued to tighten as well as resources become more limited (De Mast Lokkerbol, 2012). Using the Six Sigma in the service, it shortens the time the new customers take to sign up, reduces the time to give the customer service as well as brings the revenue in faster. The tactics of the Six Sigma consists of five of the phrase such as:Define phase: It consists of identification of the requirements of the customers, process mapping as well as selection of the projects (Gitlow, Melnyck Levine 2015). The process of Six Sigma identifies the key characteristics that are required to identify the customers requirements as well as processes that support with the existing output conditions as well as elements of a process.Measure phase: It consists of identification of critical t o quality and cost parameters, generating data collection plan and statistical process control (Sunder, 2013). In this particular step, the key process characteristics are to be categorized; then the measurement systems are required to verify, and the data are collected.Analyze phase: It consists of data analysis to quantify the critical root causes using the graphical tools, testing of hypothesis, ANOVA, correlation and regression (Hejazi Levy, 2012). After the collection of the data, the data are analyzed using the Six Sigma Model. Using the collected data, the information is produced to identify any issue within the business structure of the organization. Improve phase: It consists of generation as well as a selection of the tools using the design of Six Sigma process. At this particular stage, the project team members identify as well as implement the potential solutions to process the problems (De Mast Lokkerbol, 2012). The results of the processes are changed and measured, a nd particular adjustments are taken into account as per the business as well as customers requirements. Control phase: It consists of developing as well as implementing the control plans, a process of monitoring using SPC and feedback plan (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). This phase is found to be performed at the desired as well as predictable level. This step is also called as the maintenance portion of the methodology of Six Sigma (Psomas, 2016). It is monitored in order to assure that there are not unexpected changes have occurred within the business operations of an organization. Jacobs, Swink and Linderman (2015) discussed a case study on the implementation of Six Sigma in order to decrease the cost of quality. This case study is based on an automobile sector. Within the automobile sector, the success of the organization is based on the needs of the customers. The customers are attached with least amount of manufacturing costs and lead time used to commence the car products into the ma rketplace (Evans Lindsay, 2014). Therefore, Six Sigma is one of the powerful methodologies used by the automobile industry to reduce the quality cost. Due to prevention in defect as well as improved product leads to increase the profitability as well as market share (Fadly Habidin Mohd Yusof, 2013). The following are the fields within the automotive industry where the implementation of the Six Sigma is applicable as follows:1. Improving the safety as well as dependability of the finished vehicles2. Reducing the manufacturing defects at all of the stages3. Using the process of design failure mode effect analysis, prevention of the design failure is done (Basu Wright, 2012). 4. Improvement over the entire incoming material quality5. Optimization of the inventory levels at major parts (Orme et al., 2013). 6. Reduction in order to manufacture the products 7. Reduction in supplier lead-time, the instance taken to carry the goods and servicesUsing the DMAIC methodology, the process imp rovement team of the automotive industry deploys to increase the customer satisfaction as well as ROI by making improvement in the availability of QMS. Manville et al., (2012) discussed the DMAIC methodology for the automotive industry. Desai et al., (2012) opined that firstly in the define phase the service representatives are affected by the unavailability of the business operations as well as downtime. They communicate with the field personnel on the issues that the organization faces. Hilton and Sohal (2012) defined that the problem areas are identified as the slowness of the system as well as poor system availability and length of the total time taken to report the issues. Secondly, in the measured phase, process mapping is used to characterize the current process of the automotive industry (Swink Jacobs, 2012). After analyzing the defects in the business process, the third phase is analyzed. The data those are gathered from using the process mapping method is analyzed to iden tify the problems. Fourthly, improve phase is used to make development in the areas those are identified by the process management team to improve over (Arumugam et al., 2013). Lastly, in the control phase, the resolution time of defects are monitored. 2.4 Six Sigma Implementation Barriers and IssuesThe approach of Six Sigma is associated with the large companies. Lack of education, as well as knowledge on the implementation of Six Sigma, is the misconceptions about the Six Sigma that has made the small and medium sized companies become complex about the applicability of the Six Sigma (Psychogios et al., 2012). The barriers to the implementation of the Six Sigma are as follows:2.4.1 Lack of resourcesThe project on the Six Sigma consumes some of the resources such as financial and human resources. Mahato et al., (2016) stated that in order to implement Six Sigma, the organizations are required trained workforce to run the projects. The project leader of Six Sigma is called as Black B elt (BB) who works for the full time on the projects. The team associates of the project are known as Green Belts (GB) who works part of their time on the plans.2.4.2 Internal resistanceChange within the organization will meet with a certain amount of resistance. Within the small and medium size organization, the employees are getting familiar with the process they are using for a long time. Rosemann and vom Brocke (2015) opined that the resistance to change is to be anticipated by the Six Sigma teams. The resistance to change is being criticized by new applications as well as tools those are implemented for Six Sigma (Orme et al., 2013). One of the major sources of resistance is that the implementation of six sigma leads to a decrease in the workforce.2.4.3 Lack of knowledge on the six sigma Desai et al., (2012) argued in the statement that the Six Sigma is not a quality improvement initiative, but it is an initiative of business improvement. In order to implement the Six Sigma, th e business needs a lot of high skilled expertise to run the projects effectively. Mahato et al., (2016) stated that the adoptions of the Six Sigma are required expertise that has proper knowledge at various levels of the organization. 2.4.4 False notion that makes Six Sigma too complex to useMost of the people think that Sis Sigma involves too complex mathematical as well as statistical data. The reality is that it consists of mathematics, but it is simple. The statistical calculations are involved with the implementation process is simple to understand as well as computer software packages such as Mini-tab have eased application of the statistics related to Six Sigma (Manville et al., 2012). 2.4.5 Lacunae in collection of dataThe services of the company those are failed to meet the internal and external requirements of the customers are solved by data collection method based on quality and quantity. A collection of too much or little data is considered as a detrimental to the devel opment of the process. Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof (2013) opined that measure phase of DMAIC is used to obtain the information about the business process. Hejazi and Levy (2012) argued that analyze phase is used to gather the data using statistical tests. 2.5 Linking ISO QMS with Six Sigma-Proposed ModelThe booming implementation of the Six Sigma is based on the effectiveness of the company to articulate its existing management system. According to Patel, Asodariya and Patel (2016), the integration of the Six Sigma with the ISO QMS is considered as one of the rising research trends on the Six Sigma. There are some rational linkages between Six Sigma as well as ISO 9000 as well as results into advantages from their integration. Undertaking the initiative of Six Sigma helps the organization to optimize the efficiency of the business processes (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). It is undertaken to make progress to achieve an ISO 9000 certification. On the other hand, the ISO 9000 standards are t he method for deployment of Six Sigma. The following points are discussed to show the linkages between Six Sigma as well as ISO 9000:Both ISO and Six Sigma focus on improvement activities: Six Sigma DMAIC in inspired towards the continual improvement cycle, therefore it is used to fulfill the standards requirements (Sunder, 2013). On the other hand, the eight principles of ISO are used to create opportunities for improvement. Both the approaches required systematic continual improvement process. Timans et al., (2016) developed operational level analysis in order to ease the implementation of the DMAIC phases as a part of the ISO 9000 QMS. ISO 9000 requirements identify the potential of Six Sigma projects: De Mast and Lokkerbol (2012) stated that QMS audits are used as a source of information in order to make out the possible improvement areas. Hejazi and Levy (2012) referred that the projects of Six Sigma are identified by analyzing the requirements of customers as well as satisfact ion measures determined in the ISO standards. ISO 9000 internal audits are performed in parallel with the Six Sigma: ISO 9000 QMS helps the business to maintain the benefits of the Six Sigma projects (Timans et al., 2016). The inner audit programs are expanded to comprise the administrative features of the initiative of Six Sigma and control phase. Table 2.3: Comparison of the ISO 9000 QMS and Six SigmaParameter ISO 9000 Six SigmaPurpose It provides an equitable basis to assess the efficiency of the organization to meet customers requirements (Nanda, 2016). It achieves sustainable growth of business to improve the innovation process, services, and products to give value to customersScope Requirements of QMS Setting of strategies and methodologies to improve the performance of business (Timans et al., 2016). Framework Improvement thinking Achieving improvement and then link it to profitabilityIntent It is used for certification and evaluation purposes (Silva, Fonseca Sousa, 2016). I t is optimized the performance as well as maximizes the profitability (Patel, Asodariya Patel, 2016). Method of improvement PDCA model DMAIC roadmapResponsibilities Process owner, Management Representative Sponsor, Owner of the process, Master Black Belt, Black and Green BeltFinancial Benefits Benefits of the implementation are reported, and it gives financial benefits The companies have reported as well as the quantified large amount of savings (De Mast Lokkerbol, 2012). Documentation Documentation is specified Documentation is not specifiedEducation Training, skills, experience of job Qualification requirements of belt infrastructureLimitations There are no such direct requirements concerns on profitability and strategy (Cots, Casadesus Marimon, 2016). Required data are available and some statistical assumptions are made, lack of theoretical justificationThe impacts of the six sigma tools are related to the relevant ISO 9001 requirements such as: 2.5.1 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO "Resource Management" Denton and Maatgi (2016) stated that the Six Sigma can be defined as a processes that are based on the statistics and help the organization to improve the different operations and processes that are running in the organization. The Six Sigma processes are used by the organizations to identify and eliminate the different reasons that cause the variations from the desired results from the different processes (Lakhal, 2014). On the other hand the ISO is a standard that is used to manage and clearly define the different processes, procedures, and resources that are important for the organization to get the control over the overall quality management efforts. More over the ISO helps the organizations to have the minimum acceptable procedures, systems and operations that are used to meet the quality and the standards of the products or services. Giacomarra et al., (2016) opined that in case of Six Sigma, it is important for the organization that it has the ri ght people at the right places in the black belt role like the trainer in the organization. These black belts are the face of the Six Sigma. These black belts are helpful in shaping the impression for the Six Sigma for the organization (Herasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Saizarbitoria Boiral, 2013). For this the leader of human resource in the organization has to build competency model that ensures the identification of the suitable candidates with the proper technical, team and leadership skills. De Oliveira (2013) stated that at the same time they need to develop some retention plans that are going to attract the employees so that they can perform better and achieve the quality of the product or the service.For the resource management the Six Sigma tools are used to meet the requirements of the ISO standards. Barafort, Mesquida Mas (2016) opined that to meet the ISO standards it is important to assess the processes and the operations in the organizations. Therefore for this the Six Sigma is us ed. According to the ISO standard the conformity of the product requirement or the services depends on the appropriate education, training, experience, skill of the employees or the human resources (Silva, Fonseca Sousa, 2016). For this the organization should the organization should determine the competence of the personnels or employees who are affecting the conformity of the products. Kyrillos et al., (2015) stated that whenever necessary the organization should provide training to the employees or take action against the employees to achieve the desired competency. The organization also has to ensure that the employees are aware about the importance of their activity and their contribution to achieve the desired quality. At last the organization has to record the education, training, and skills that are provided or is acquired by the employees of the organization (Baroniene Neverauskas, 2015). The integration helps the organization to focus on the important processes, better u tilization of the human resources that helps in the increased accountability of them. Also it helps in the customer satisfaction and to enhance the confidence of the organization.2.5.2 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO Management ResponsibilityIn the integration process of the ISO and the Six Sigma, the quality management and the project review can be involved at the same time while executing an operation or process (Denton Maatgi, 2016). For the Six Sigma the project review is a stage at which the simple checks are done like whether the project is maintaining the timeline, the use of appropriate tools, and so on. The team leader in the project has the responsibility of the reviewing the processes or milestones. Giacomarra et al., (2016) discussed that he main participants in these steps are the six sigma green belts, black belts, champions, master black belts and other team members who are involved in those meetings. This project review starts with the introduction of the project by the champion. Subsequently other members contribute to this review meeting with their point of view (Timans et al., 2016). The review process of a project helps the team members to stay focused aware of the progress or milestones are achieved. If the project team is facing any barriers or problems then the team members can communicate with the champions to get the idea of the best practices on the relate subject or matter. The management team is focused on the customers requirements as well as their needs. The responsibilities of the management team are categorized as follows: Management Commitment: De Mast Lokkerbol (2012) stated that the management team should support their team members in the implementation of the ISO and Six Sigma in their business operations. This focus relates to the engaging as well as directing the employees to achieve the organizational goals. Sunder (2013) argued that participation of people in to the business process are required to achieve success and make profitability in the business. It focuses to state that the organization is nothing and the abilities of the employees should be utilized to get the business success for the organization (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). This helps the employees to work to their maximum ability and to contribute ideas.Customer focus- This standard identifies with client needs and services: a business ought to comprehend their clients and look to meet their requirements (Patel, Asodariya Patel, 2016). Where possible, they ought to mean to surpass client requirements. The benefit of this focus is the loyal customer base for the organizations product or services.Quality policy: ISO 9000 quality policy document consists of quality goals as well as objectives that the organization requires to implement within the organization. Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof (2013) stated that it is a commitment that is used to provide an outline to create and measure the performance of the quality objectives. The quality polic y is created as per the requirements of the customers to make improvements in the quality of their services as well as products. Leadership- This focus relates to the engaging as well as directing the employees to achieve the organizational goals (Evans Lindsay, 2014). Responsibility, authority and communication: Through this the main objectives are to understand that, if the appropriate processes are used then they will speed up the activities. Manville et al., (2012) discussed that through this the main objective is to embrace different opportunities and improved performance of the organization in difficult situations. This focuses on the managing multiple tasks as a system, so that a higher degree of efficiency can be achieved. Desai et al., (2012) opined that proper communication is required among the top management members as well as other project team so that they can implement the ISO 9000 in their business. Management review: This focuses on the decision making process depe nding upon the data and its analysis. The decision making also have to include the good business sense (Swink Jacobs, 2012). This principle relates to the relation between the relation between the organization and its suppliers. It acknowledges that they are interdependent. The productivity and the efficiency of the organization increases as the relation between them get stronger. 2.5.3 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO "Product Realization" Lakhal (2014) stated that ISO product realization is used within the organization to describe work that the organization develops manufactures as well as delivers the finished services. QMS includes the approach to get from the product concept to the finished product. Most of the organizations are losing their millions of dollars while launching the product in the market. Simon et al., (2014) argued that at the time of launching of the product, the issues those are raised are quality as well as cost issues. Due to failure while launching of the product, it results in dissatisfaction of the customers as well as lost of revenue. Low cost, high qualities of products as well as quick delivery are the expectations of the customers (Rao, 2016). The organization provides product realization planning tools that achieve predictable success in the launching of the product. The business is required to integrate training services in order to support the deployment of the processes in a product as well as process design. Denton and Maatgi (2016) stated that in order to attain the business objectives, the majority of the organizations analyze their current product design processes using the DMAIC methodology of Six Sigma. It is analyzed to determine the lead-time of product design. Silva, Fonseca and Sousa (2016) opined that the concept of Six Sigma and ISO results into major reductions in the cost of design that increases the design throughput as well as engineering productivity. The product manager examines the approach of Six Sigma a nd ISO to set the business objectives of new product launch (Giacomarra et al., 2016). The DMAIC methodology of Six Sigma is incorporated into the product realization in order to improve the planning process. ISO 9000 requires an organization to develop the product realization processes. At the time of performing, the planning of product realization the organization should determine the quality of the product (Kyrillos et al., 2015). The quality records are required to provide evidence that the business fulfills the requirements of the product realization process as well as quality results. 2.5.4 Integration of Six Sigma and ISO "Measurement, Analysis and Improvement" ISO 9000 measurement, analysis, and improvement become a challenge for most of the organizations (Arcidiacono, Costantino Yang, 2016). The organization should require reviewing the management, do internal audits as well as take preventive actions to evaluate the quality of the systems. Hejazi Levy (2012) opined that the Six Sigma assists ISO as Six Sigma is a quality improvement process to reduce the defects within the system as 3.4 per million. The following are the areas that should be measured, analyzed and improved within the organization to reduce the cost and given high quality products to the customers:2.5.4.1 Customer SatisfactionJacobs, Swink and Linderman (2015) stated that the business should monitor the information on the satisfaction level of the customers as one of the performance measurements of QMS. It is required to ensure that the organization has system to address the complaints of the customers as well as feedback (Gitlow, Melnyck Levine 2015). The product manufacturing operations have created the level of satisfaction that collects end-user satisfaction data as well as analyze to provide preventive actions for future product improvements. 2.5.4.3 Analysis of DataThe organization should collect as well as analyze the data in order to establish the appropriateness of the sys tem and its effectiveness to improve. Fadly Habidin and Mohd Yusof (2013) discussed that the activities of measuring as well as monitoring are the sources of data. The analysis of the data provides information about the satisfaction and dissatisfaction level of customers, product characteristics, trends, process as well as suppliers. 2.5.4.4 ImprovementThe organizations are facilitating the continual improvement throughout the use of the quality policy, results of audits and analysis and management review (Hilton Sohal, 2012). These procedures are used to plan the processes required for continual improvement. 2.6 Acceptation of ISO 9000 standard and Six SigmaTimans et al., (2016) opined that selection of the best approach for the business process improvement is dependent on the culture of the organization. When the organization values the analytical studies, then Six Sigma is the best approach to be followed by the organization and it is the best program to lead off with. As the le vel of quality assurance of the products as well as services are the main attribute to enhance the competitiveness of the organization. Gitlow, Melnyck and Levine (2015) argued that the implementation of the Six Sigma projects are considered at various levels of QMS that allows expressing the view that this particular methodology is accurate to be implemented within the organization.Acceptance of the ISO 9000 standards is due the reason that it presents guidelines to increase the efficiency of the business as well as the satisfaction of the customers. Barafort, Mesquida and Mas (2016) stated that the main objective of this ISO 9000 standard is to increase the productivity of the organization, reduction of cost as well as ensuring the quality of both products as well as processes. Cots, Casadesus and Marimon (2016) opined that this particular standard is important as for any organization, quality is most important. With using this standard, the organization can be able to identify th e cause of the problems and then give the respective solutions (Psomas Pantouvakis, 2015). By improving the efficiency of the organization, the profit of the business is maximized. References Arcidiacono, G., Costantino, N., Yang, K. (2016). The AMSE Lean Six Sigma governance model. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 7(3).Arumugam, V., Antony, J., Kumar, M. (2013). Linking learning and knowledge creation to project success in Six Sigma projects: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 141(1), 388-402.Barafort, B., Mesquida, A. L., Mas, A. (2016, June). How to Integrate Risk Management in IT Settings Within Management Systems? Comparison and Integration Perspectives from ISO Standards. In International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination (pp. 254-269). Springer International Publishing.BaronienÄ—, L., Neverauskas, B. (2015). 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English Vowel Reduction by Korean Learners free essay sample

English unstressed reduced vowels, such as schwa [? ] and barred-i [? ], have phonetic features that are distinct from other vowels. Phonetic features of those vowels are reduced in duration and vowel quality (F1 and F2). Schwa [? ] occurs in a word-final position like Rosa as a mid central reduced vowel and barred-i [? ] occurs in a non-final position like roses as a high central reduced vowel (Flemming Johnson 2007). In contrast to English, there is no stress in Korean phonological system and thus stress-related vowel reduction phenomenon does not arise in Korean. Moreover, /? / and /? that are similar to English unstressed vowels ([? ], [? ]) exist as full vowels in Korean. This different prosodic system provides Korean learners of English with difficulty to accurately produce English unstressed vowels (McAllister, Fledge, Piske 2002). The aim of this paper is three fold. The first is to see whether English unstressed reduced vowels spoken by Korean speakers are different from those spoken by native speakers in terms of schwa [? ]. We will write a custom essay sample on English Vowel Reduction by Korean Learners or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second is to see whether English unstressed reduced vowels spoken by Korean speakers are different from those spoken by native speakers in terms of barred-i [? . The third is to investigate the gap of the mean duration between stressed and unstressed vowels produced by native and Korean speakers. For the analysis, four native speakers of American English and twelve native speakers of Korean participated in this experiment. The number of data is 57 and all subjects read data with three repetitions in a carrier phrase. This experiment yielded 2736 observations (16 subjects * 57 words * 3 repetitions). The results showed that Korean speakers were not nativelike in English vowel reduction. As for schwa, native speakers produced unstressed reduced vowels in a word-final position in mid central reduced way, while unstressed vowels in this position spoken by Korean learners of English speakers were widely dispersed in vowel space and not reduced in nativelike way. As for barred-i, native speakers produced unstressed vowels in a non-final position in high central reduced way. However, unstressed vowels produced by Korean learners of English were not reduced in nativelike way, with small dispersion. This is because Korean speakers tended to produce unstressed vowels, spelled e, similarly with high front vowel /i/. Even unstressed vowels, spelled a, realized nearly as low back vowel /? / for Korean beginners of English. Korean learners also made less difference in duration between stressed and unstressed vowels than native speakers, suggesting that Korean learners had longer duration for reduced vowels than native speakers. These results supported the evidence that Korean learners of English have difficulty in acquiring phonetic features of English vowel reduction, basically ascribable to stress.